Revision of Tenses

9. Complete the story by putting the verbs in brackets in the correct tense.

It (happen) a few years ago. We (arrange) to go to Paris from London for a short holiday. But it (turn out) to be a bad experience. When we (get) to the airport in London we (hear) that our flight (be) delayed. We (have) to wait in the airport for 3 hours, and when, at last, the flight (be) announced, we (feel) extremely exhausted. Our travel agent (book) a guided tour of Paris at night, but we (realize) that we (go) to miss it because of our flight's delay. So we (check in) at the hotel, which, by the way, (not seem) very nice at all and (go) to bed.

The next day we (decide) to go sightseeing by ourselves. When we (leave) the hotel, the sun (shine) and it (be) very warm, so we (leave) our coats and umbrellas at the hotel, because we (not want) to carry heavy bags with us. While we (stand) in the queue to go up the Eiffel Tower it (start) raining and it (not stop) till late in the evening. Of course, we could do nothing but go to the restaurant. We (sit) there eating delicious French food and drinking marvellous French wine and (wait) for the rain to stop. Then we (catch) a taxi back to our hotel. The next day we (remember) to take our umbrellas and coats, but the day (be) warm and sunny.

Parti

You may ask me what places of interest in Paris I remember - not many, I'm afraid. Travelling can be tiring but not memorable sometimes!

Here is the advertisement of two journeys. Which of them would you pre­fer to go on? Write a composition explaining your choice.

Note the difference!

hike v, n, hiker n

1. 'A hike' is a long walk in the country, especially over rough ground,
usually taken for pleasure.

e.g. They went on a hike (went hiking) in Lake District.

2. 'A hiker' is a person who goes hiking.

3. 'A hitchhiker' means someone who travels by getting free rides from
drivers of passing cars.

trek v, n, trekker n

1. To trek' means to make a long difficult journey, especially on foot,
e.g. We went trekking in the mountains for our holidays.

2. 'A trekker' is a person who goes on / for a trek.

stroll v, n, stroller л

1. 'To stroll' means to walk a short distance slowly or lazily, especially
for pleasure.

e.g. We strolled in / around the park for an hour or so.

2. Let's go for a stroll.

3. 'A stroller' is a person, who strolls.

4. 'Strolling musicians or players' are people travelling around the
country giving informal performances on the way.

On foot (Mount Pico, the Azores)

Whether you're a seasoned trekker (закаленный) or a relaxed stroller, Pico is perfect walking country, says John Brunton in the Observer. The island, part of the Azores (which belong to Portugal), has 148 volcanic craters, from gentle slopes to hard scrambles. Mount Pico (2, 351 metres) is the highest mountain in Portugal and it takes about six hours to climb its steep lava slopes. At the top you're rewarded with views of all the islands. It would be impossible to tire of this extraordinary landscape, but one of the most wonderful attractions on Pico is located underground at Gruta das Torres, a deep 5 km-long lava tube, created more than 1, 000 years ago. It takes a brave heart - and sturdy boots - to venture into its echoey darkness.

Unit nine

By horse (Andalusia)

Spanish saddles are much bigger and more comfortable, than their Eng­lish counterparts, says Clover Stround in The Sunday Telegraph, which makes Spain the ideal country to explore on horseback. There is a farm in the Sierra de Aracena, run by a British couple, who breed their own horses. Here you can awaken your inner cowboy / cowgirl, while exploring some of the most glorious and unspoilt countryside in Europe. Once in the saddle, you can get right into the heart of the landscape following the mule paths that have linked Spanish vil­lages since Roman times.

Stop for a picnic in a sunlit field of wildflowers and feel those metropolitan anxieties melt away!

PART 2

Read the text and make sure that you understand it. The list of new words on p. 230-231 will help you.

SKYSCRAPERS: THE HISTORY*

The desire to build big is nothing new. Big buildings have been used to show off power and wealth; to honour leaders or religious beliefs; to stretch the limits of what's possible; and even as simple competition among owners, families, architects, and builders. Some of the most dramatic buildings of the past include the pyramids in Egypt, the skinny towers stretching towards the sky in Italian hill towns, and the gothic cathedrals of France. While these types of buildings may look very different from each other, they all have

one thing in common. They were built with masonry or stone walls supporting most of the weight. Because of this, the height of these buildings was limited by how massive and heavy they had to be at the base.

228

* https://www.wikipedia.org/

Part 2

Two developments in the 19th century paved the way for a whole new type of building: the skyscraper. The first was the development of a safe elevator. Primitive elevators of various designs had been used for centuries, and starting in the mid 19th century, steam-operated elevators were used to move materials in factories, mines, and warehouses. But these elevators were not considered safe for people; if the cable broke, they would plummet to the bottom of the elevator shaft. Then in 1853, an American inventor developed a safety device that kept elevators from falling if a cable should break. This new development had an enormous impact on public confidence. And later in the century, the switch to an electric motor made the elevator a practical solution to the problem of getting up and down tall buildings.

The second development took place in Chicago. In 1871 Chicago suffered a devastating fire. In the years that followed, however, instead of recovering slowly, the city experienced explosive growth, and it quickly began to strain against its natural boundaries. By the 1880s, the available land for new buildings in this area could not keep up with demand; the only alternative was to build up. But in order to achieve the desired height, construction techniques had to change. A new method of building was developed that used a grid of steel beams and columns that were strong enough to support any stresses or forces a building might experience. And with this new building method, the skyscraper was born and the race for the tallest buildings began.

The Home Insurance Building is called " the father of the skyscraper". It was constructed in Chicago in 1885 and demolished in 1931. It had 10 stories at 138 feet and was the first building to effectively employ a supporting skeleton of steel beams and columns, allowing it to have many more windows than traditional masonry structures.

Since the birth of the skyscraper, builders and engineers have continuously looked for ways to improve building methods and materials in order to make structures stronger, taller, and lighter. Skyscrapers are built to last, so they must be made of materials that are strong, durable, resistant to the sun, wind, rain, frost, and snow. Concrete is one of the most common materials, beyond the steel supports, because it is enormously versatile. Its composition can be changed depending on the needs of the building.

Another very important material is glass. Because the steel skeleton now supports the main loads of the building, the outer skin only serves to keep the weather out and let light in, the more light the better. So glass walls became very popular, because they are weatherproof while providing natural light, and also because they are so much lighter and cheaper than masonry or concrete.

In the early 20th century, corporations built skyscrapers for the promotion­al value to increase name recognition. Among the early skyscrapers in Manhattan was a very famous art deco* Chrysler Building which was built in

' Art deco - архитектурный и художественный стиль начала XX века.

Unit nine

1926-30. For about a year, until the completion of the Empire State Building (1931), Chrysler was the world's tallest building. The Empire State Building would reign supreme among skyscrapers for 41 years until 1972, when it was surpassed by the World Trade Center.

The twin towers of the World Trade Center were more than just buildings. They were proof of New York's belief in itself. Built at a time when New York's future seemed uncertain, the towers restored confidence and helped bring a halt to the decline of lower Manhattan. Bright and grand, they quickly became sym­bols of New York. However, the towers were ranked as the fifth and sixth tallest buildings in the world at the time of their destruction on September 11, 2001.

The tallest building so far in the 21st century is Taipei 101, built in Taiwan in 2004, which tops out at 1, 670 feet and 101 stories.

But the race to the sky goes on and soon we will witness the emergence of taller and taller skyscrapers. Rich countries and corporations compete in building skyscrapers that will " stimulate our fancy".

Names

Chicago [Ji'kaigau]

The Chrysler Building ['kraizta 'bildm]

The Empire State Building ['етраю steit 'bildiq]

Taipei ['tai'pei]

Taiwan ['tai'wam]

New Words

show off (phrasal verb) пускать пыль в глаза, хвастаться

masonry ['meissnn] л каменная кладка

development [di'vebpmant] л развитие, зд. разработка, создание

pave the way прокладывать путь

elevator ['ehveitg] л грузоподъемник, лифт (Am.)

steam-operated [sti: m 'Dpareitid] adj приводимый в движение паром

warehouse ['weahaus] л склад, пакгауз

plummet ['pLunit] v быстро и отвесно падать

shaft [Ja: ft] л зд. шахта, шахтный ствол

device [di'vais] л устройство, прибор

confidence ['konfidsns] л уверенность

devastating ['devasteitin] adj разрушительное

strain [strem] втянуться, растягиваться

boundary ['baundan] л граница

technique [tek'nbk] л техника, технические приемы

Part 2

grid [grid] n решетка

beam [bi: m] n балка

demolish [di'mDliJ] истирать с лица земли, разрушать

durable ['djuarabl] adj прочный, стойкий

concrete ['konkri: t] n бетон

versatile ['v3: sstail] adj универсальный

promotional [ргэ'тэи/зп1] adj рекламный, содействующий, способствующий

recognition [.гекэ'дш/эп] п зд. признание, одобрение

surpass [s3: 'pa: s] v превосходить, перегонять

halt [ho: lt] n прекращение

decline [di'klam] n спад, упадок

Questions for discussion.

1. What are the examples of tall buildings built in the past? What were
these buildings built of?

2. What were the most important inventions of the 19^th century that paved
the way to the appearance of skyscrapers?

3. What building is considered " the father of the skyscraper"? When was
it built?

4. Why do you think taller and taller skyscrapers are built nowadays? Do
they beautify cities, in your opinion?

5. Some people say that skyscrapers are ugly and even dangerous for
people. Do you agree? Give your reasons.

6. Have you ever been to New York? If you have, what were you impres­
sions of the skyscrapers in Manhattan?

7. Do you like Moscow skyscrapers? Have you been inside any of them?
What were your impressions?

EXERCISES

Find English equivalents in the text for the following (you may think of better Russian translations).

1. Желание строить большие здания не ново.

2. Хотя, возможно, эти здания выглядят очень по-разному, все они
имеют одну общую черту.

3. Два изобретения XIX века проложили путь для создания совер­
шенно нового типа зданий...

4....если кабель рвался, они стремительно падали на дно...

5. Это новое изобретение оказало огромное влияние на рост обще­
ственного доверия...

Unit nine

6....город бурно развивался и начал быстро застраиваться за преде­
лами своих естественных границ.

7....было первым зданием, в котором был эффективно приме­
нен несущий каркас из стальных балок и колонн, что позволя­
ло зданию иметь больше окон, чем традиционные кирпичные
здания.

8. Небоскребы строятся на долгие годы, поэтому они должны быть
построены из прочных, долговечных материалов, устойчивых
к солнечному воздействию, ветру, дождю, морозу и снегу.

9....внешняя оболочка служит только для защиты от погодных усло­
вий и для пропускания света, при этом, чем больше света, тем
лучше.

10....корпорации строили небоскребы в целях рекламы для достиже­ния популярности своего имени.

11....было знаменитое здание корпорации Крайслер, построенное в стиле арт-деко.

12. Башни-близнецы Всемирного торгового центра были не просто
зданиями.

13. Яркие и величественные, они быстро стали символами Нью-
Йорка.

VOCABULARY

2.. Read and translate these sentences into Russian so as to have a better idea of how these words can be used.

show off (phrasal verb), show-off n

1. 'To show off' means to behave so as to try to get attention and
admiration for oneself.

e.g. I wish you'd stop showing off - I know you are the cleverest man in the world!

2. He couldn't wait to show off his new car.

3. He is such a show-off!

masonry n, mason n, Freemason (Mason) л

1. She was injured by a peace of falling masonry.

2. His grandfather used to work as a mason (stonemason) and was
famous for his skills.

3. A Freemason (Mason) is a member of an international secret society.
Freemasons have secret ceremonies and use special signs and words
to recognize each other.

Part 2

confidence n, confident adj, self-confident adj, confidently adv, confi­dential adj

Don't mix up!

confident (sure) - уверенный

confidential (secret) - конфиденциальный, секретный

1. She is a good student, but she lacks confidence.

2. " Our company looks forward with confidence to the next year, " said the
manager.

3. The government failed to win public confidence in its plan for economic
stabilization.

4. Their little daughter used to be very shy with adults, but I have won her
confidence now.

5. I'm telling you this in confidence!

6. The girls exchanged confidences about their boyfriends.

7. We are confident that next year's profits will be much higher. We are
confident of success.

8. He confidently predicted that the business would improve.

9. You couldn't help admiring the self-confident way she spoke to the
crowds of her supporters.

10. This information is strictly confidential.

11. Please, keep what I am going to tell you confidential.

devastate v, devastating adj

1. The fire devastated the city.

2. We were devastated (повергнуты в отчаяние) by the awful news.

3. It was a devastating storm - a lot of houses were ruined, others were
badly damaged.

4. 'Devastating' can also mean very attractive, irresistible,
e.g. You look glamorous, just devastating in this new dress!

5. He is said to have a devastating charm.

strain v, n, strained adj

1. He strained his muscle while trying to lift the heavy piece of furniture.

2. Don't strain your eyes reading in this dim light!

3. The singer had to strain to reach the high notes.

4. My patience has been strained to the limits.

5. He strained every nerve (tried as hard as possible) to achieve his goal.

6. The rope broke under the strain.

7. She says she is under a lot of strain at the moment.

8. You are looking a bit strained. What has happened?

9. Relations between them are rather strained.

Unit nine

technique n, technical adj, technology n, technological adj

1. 'Technique' is a method of doing something that needs skill, especially
in art, music, literature etc.

e.g. new techniques for producing specific effects in film / sophisticated modern printing techniques, etc.

2. 'Technical' means having or giving special practical knowledge,
especially of an industrial or scientific subject.

e.g. technical experts / technical training / technical college

3. The flight was delayed owing to technical reasons.

4. 'Technology' means knowledge dealing with scientific and industrial
methods and their practical use in industry.

e.g. a high level of technology / nuclear technology, etc.

5. We already have the technology to do this.

6. The development of the steam engine was the greatest technological
achievement of the 19^th century.

promote v, promotion n, promoter n, promotional adj

1. You've been promoted. My congratulations! (My congratulations on
your promotion.)

2. He was promoted to (the rank of) captain.

3. It was a big advertising campaign to promote their new product. = It
was a big promotional campaign.

4. One of our latest promotions is this wonderful washing powder.

5. The famous advertising agency acted as a promoter of his concerts in
Europe.

recognise (recognize Am.) v, recognition n

1. I recognised Mary in the photo.

2. Dogs can recognise people by their smell.

3. His work was recognised as a work of genius.

4. The government recognised his services by giving him a medal.

5. The actress wanted to avoid recognition and was wearing dark glasses
and a hat.

6. She has changed beyond recognition.

7. After his death the work of his lifetime received recognition from the
public.

decline v, n

1. Do you think living standards in this country have declined in recent
years?

2. The birthrate is on the decline (getting lower).

3. The government took urgent measures designed to halt (stop) the
decline in the car industry.

Part 2

GRAMMAR