American English

apartment

sneakers

can

candies

cookie

first floor

drugstore

elevator

gas

fall

highway

schedule

movies

pants

sick

subway

truck

vacation

stove

rental car

cell phone

stand in line

sidewalk

elementary school

British English

flat

trainers

tin

sweets

biscuit

ground floor

chemist('s)

lift

petrol

autumn

main road

timetable

cinema

trousers

ill

tube, underground

van, lorry

holiday

cooker

hire car

mobile phone

queue

pavement

primary school

GRAMMAR

Note!

American English often uses Past Simple where British English uses Pres­ent Perfect.

American. Did you have lunch yet? British. Have you had lunch yet?

Part 2

4. Here is a table illustrating some of the most common ways in which Ameri­can spelling differs from British spelling. Give more examples of your own.

Roy is an American and he has written this letter to his Mum. Can you rewrite the letter in British English?

Dear Mom,

I know you're worrying about me, so I decided to write you and say that I'm fine and enjoying my vacation in Europe.

We already traveled in the south of France and now we are in Paris. I'm living in a big apartment building in an apartment on the first floor with John and another pal. It looks like the beginning of fall here, though it's only the end of August. The weather is not very pleasant, I'm afraid, so we spend a lot of time in museums - you must be proud of me! Our schedule is rather tough -tomorrow we are going to Brussels by automobile, which we are going to rent in the morning. We'll have to start our journey early in the morning. Though the motorways in Europe are not bad, they are not as wide as in America and we don't want to get into the traffic jams.

I miss you, Dad and my little sister. Hope you're all feeling well.

See you soon. Love, Roy.

6. Read the story. Fill in the gaps with articles (a/an or the) and make up a list of Americanisms and their British equivalents.

A Canadian's Language Problems*

As we know two main variants of... English language are British and American English. So there are British English speakers and American ones.... Canadian is neither one thing nor... other.... British think he is... American,

* Delaney P. A. Canadian's Language Problems // Modern English, 1976.

Unit ten

while... Americans think he is British. He himself is confused and uncertain, and nowhere is this more evident than in his speech. He has been brought up to speak English with... American accent, but at... same time, he has been taught to admire... way English is spoken in Britain. In other words, he is torn between... way he speaks English and... way he thinks English should be spoken. And this conflict makes him wonder who and what he is. While he fears that his native accent is inferior, he feels that for him... English pronunciation is unnatural, He always falls between two stools.

It is, moreover, confusing to be repeatedly mistaken for... American. Is there anything more unpleasant for... Canadian than to be introduced as 'from America' at... English party, or to be asked " What part of... States do you come from? "

... problem is more acute for... Canadian living in Britain. Daily he is faced with decisions that call his speech and his identity into question. Do I buy my groceries in... 'store' as I would at home or in... 'shop' as... English do? Do I ask for... 'package of cookies' or... 'packet of biscuits'? Do I eat 'candies' or 'sweets' when I'm hungry? Even... simplest act requires... soul-searching decision. And sometimes he asks himself: " What's... English for? " and he just can't think of it. It's like trying to speak another language. Of course,... British often help him out, so that when he asks for... 'can of corn', they reply: " Oh, you mean... 'tin of sweet-corn'". " Yes, of course, " he says, eyes lowered in embarrassment.

Well, you might say, whether you take... 'elevator' in New York or... 'lift' in London, or vice versa*, you can still get to... top floor of... building. Whether you fill your car with 'gas' or 'petrol' it runs just... same. What does it matter which word you use as long as your meaning is clear? Didn't Shakespeare himself say (even though he was English)... rose by any other name would smell as sweet? I reply that it does matter, that, if you are in London, you have to decide whether you're walking on... 'sidewalk' on your own or on... 'pavement' like everybody else.

Such decisions have far-reaching consequences. You have to decide whether to maintain your own accent and vocabulary in... face of... way... British speak, or to abandon your own language,... words you learned at your mother's knees.

Some Canadians completely collapse under... strain.... Canadian friend of mine, who became fed up with being mistaken for... American, feeling inferior to... British, and weighing up every word he spoke, decided to learn to speak with... British accent. He hoped that this would put... end to his confusion. With fanatical application, he excluded Americanisms from his speech and adopted... British accent and words. He learned to say " Sorry" for everything and to call... 'cookie'... 'biscuit'. But even he was defeated in... end. Once,

* Vice versa [, vaisiV3: s3] лат. наоборот.

Part 2

when... old lady asked him to help her across... street, he uttered... word " Sure". " Oh, " said... lady, " surely you're from America."

^ 7. Complete the sentences choosing the right word from the box.

one, ones, it, he / she, they, (them), some, any

1. There were both British English speakers and American... in the
delegation.

2. The government has produced a number of reports on violence on
television, the most recent... only six months ago.

3. Help yourself to... apples.

4. Is this your umbrella? - No, mine's the big black....
5.1 want a stamp for my letter. I must go and buy....

6. If you haven't got enough money, I can lend you....

7. They say his recent films are very successful, but I haven't seen... yet.

8. You've got an excellent secretary in your office. We've got... too, but...
doesn't speak any foreign languages.

9. Your garden is so nice! We've got... too, but... is very small.

10. If you are making a cup of coffee, could you make... for me?

11. " Look! Isn't that house beautiful! " " Which...? The tall...? " " No, the...
next to the tall

12. " Let's have a snack in a cafe today! " " Good idea! I know... round the
corner.... is very nice."

13. " We haven't got any milk." " OK! I'll buy... on the way home."

14. Have you read all the articles in today's paper? There're a few very
interesting....

15. My friend isn't a lawyer. He is a businessman and a very successful....

16. Have you read his recent publications yet?... are very interesting.

Use either / neither / both for two things or people.

There are two cinemas nearby. This film is on in both of them. You can go

to either cinema.

Neither of the cinemas is too expensive.

Use any / none / all for more than two things or people.

There are a few cinemas nearby. This film is on in all of them. You can go

to any of the cinemas. None of them is too expensive.

8. Complete the sentences with 'neither' / 'either' / 'none' / 'any'.

1. He was invited to a few parties last month, but he didn't go to... of them.

Unit ten

2. He was invited to two parties last week, but he didn't go to... of them.

3. There were a lot of e-mails this morning but... of them were (was)
important.

4.1 asked two people the way to the station but... of them could help me.

5.... of her parents is English. Her mother is Welsh and her father is
Scottish.

6. We tried to book a room in a few hotels but... of them had any rooms
available.

7. We can meet on Tuesday or Thursday. Would... of these days be
convenient for you?

8. I couldn't answer... of the questions they asked me.

9. We took a few photos but... of them were (was) any good.
10. He showed me two photos, but... of them was very good.

Rewrite these sentences using 'both... and', 'either... or', 'neither... nor'.

1. A Canadian is not a British English speaker. He is not an American
English speaker either.

2. The library doesn't have the book I need. And the bookshop doesn't
have the book I need.

3. A foreign learner of English should keep to British English. Or he should
keep to American English.

4. Her husband doesn't speak English. Her children don't speak English
either.

5. The word 'fall' is considered archaic in Britain. The past participle of
'get - gotten' is considered archaic in Britain too.

6. Is that girl's name Sally? Or is it Sophie? It's one of the two. That girl's
name is....

7. I haven't got the money to go on holiday. And I haven't got the time.

8. My daughter could read when she went to school. And she could write
too.

^& Complete the text by choosing the correct words from the box.

common, tolerance, originating, influenced, outsiders, referred to, an­cient, frequently, evolved, features, mixture

The most... form of English used by the British ruling class is that... from southeast England (the area around the capital, London, and the... English university towns of Oxford and Cambridge). This form of the language is known as 'Received Standard', and its accent is called Received Pronunciation (RP), which is improperly regarded by many people outside the UK as 'the British

Part 2

accent'. Earlier it was held as better than other accents and... as the King's (or Queen's) English, and then 'BBC English'. Originally, this was the form of English used by radio and television. However, there is now much more... of variation than there was in the past; for several decades other accents have been accepted and are... heard, although stereotypes about the BBC persist. English spoken with a mild Scottish accent has a reputation for being especially easy to understand. Moreover, only approximately two percent of Britons speak RP, and it has... quite markedly over the last 40 years.

Even in the south east there are significantly different accents; the local inner east London accent called Cockney is strikingly different from RP and can be difficult for... to understand.

There is a new form of accent called Estuary* English that has been gaining prominence in recent decades: it has some... of Received Pronunciation and some of Cockney. In London itself, the broad local accent is still changing, partly... by Caribbean speech. Londoners speak with a...of these accents, depending on class, age, upbringing, education and so on.

11. Write down as many questions to the text as you can, beginning with 'What...? ', 'What kind of...? ', 'When...? ', 'Where...? ', 'How many...? ', 'Why...? '

What is the most common form of English?

. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense (Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Past Simple or be going to). Read the text and discuss it in class.

Internet - A New Medium**

Do you know that although the basic applications and guidelines that make the Internet possible had existed for almost a decade, the network did not gain a public face until the 1990s?

Since then the world... (change) immensely because of the Internet. And its arrival already... (give) some clear indications about the way in which languages... (be going) to be affected. The signs are that we... (face) a development whose consequences for English (and indeed for languages in general)... (be) profound.

The Internet is a genuine new medium of linguistic comminucation, taking some of the properties of the two traditional mediums, speech and writing, synthesizing them in a new way, and adding further properties which... (be)

* Estuary ['estfusn] the wide lower part of the river Thames.

** Internet - A New Medium // Crystal D. The English Language. Penguin Books, 2002.

Unit ten

unavailable to either in the past. Because people... (type) their messages on a screen, there... (be) obvious similarities with written language; but there... (be) some important differences. To begin with, most of the interactions... (be) in the form of a dialogue - doing the job of speech, only in written forms. Moreover, it... (be) a fast-moving dialogue, especially in chatgroups and virtual worlds, where people.... (exchange) messages as fast as they can type.

E-mails... (be) also dialogic in character. Although there can be quite a lag before a reply... (be received), the language in which the reply often... (be written) is that of a face-to-face conversation. It... (be) this dialogic character which... (lead) some commentators to describe Internet communication as 'written speech'.

But in our real conversations we not only... (pronounce) words. We... (pronounce) them with a definite intonation, stress, speed, rhythm and tone of voice. The limitaions of the keyboard... (enable) only some of the properties of spoken language to be expressed on the screen (punctuation marks, repeating letters, spacing or capitalization of letters, for example, can be used to stress the meaning of the word).

But it... (be) impossible to communicate the other properties which... (add) so much meaning to face-to-face conversation - facial expressions and gestures. Remember the saying " It ain't* what you say, nor the way that you say it, but the way that you look when you say it? "... anything (be done) to compensate for this obvious defect of the Internet communication? Yes, here they are - 'smileys'!

Write a composition answering the question " Will the Internet ever re­place face-to-face communication? " Begin your composition with an in­troduction and finish it with a conclusion. Use the following words and expressions:

to begin with / firstly / first of all

secondly / hence / furthermore / moreover / in addition

so / therefore / as a result

in conclusion / on the whole / to sum up

* Ain't употребляется в просторечии, в речи Cockney в значениях: 'am not', 'is not', 'are not', 'has not', 'have not'. Образованные люди употребляют эту форму, когда хотят придать вы­сказываниям юмористический характер.

Part 2

. Here is the speech Prof. Petrov gave at the graduation ceremony at the pedagogical college. Translate his speech into English for the ELT (Eng­lish Language Teaching) journal. It's a paid job!

Дорогие коллеги!

Да, коллеги. Я имел в виду то, что сказал. Пять лет назад я стал вашим преподавателем, а вы были моими первокурсниками. Все эти пять лет я старался научить вас всему, что я знаю сам об искусстве преподавать ино­странные языки.

Язык - одно из самых замечательных средств общения, которым рас­полагает человечество. Маленькие дети учатся пользоваться своим род­ным языком сами, но по мере того, как они взрослеют, им становятся не­обходимы языки других народов, и вы научились обучать этим языкам. Во всяком случае, как я уже сказал, я старался рассказать вам о правилах, радостях и трудностях нашей профессии.

Сегодня мне бы хотелось только напомнить вам кое о чем, что вы мо­жете посчитать незаслуживающим разговора, потому что это само собой разумеется. Поэтому разрешите мне извиниться за то, что я попрошу вас внимательно выслушать.

Во-первых, как бы хорошо вы ни знали язык, который собираетесь преподавать, вы не сможете сохранить этот уровень без дальнейших уси­лий его поддерживать. Либо вы продолжите приобретать знания, совер­шенствовать ваши навыки и делать успехи, либо вы начнете забывать то, чему научились, и терять навыки, которыми владеете, к тому же очень бы­стро!

Я понимаю, что могу показаться старомодным, но позвольте мне за­верить вас, что самым надежным способом сохранения вашего уровня яв­ляется чтение. Ну, конечно же, нельзя отрицать того, что в наше время мы имеем массу других возможностей. Например, слушать радио или смо­треть телевизор и учиться понимать любые варианты разговорного ан­глийского языка, особенно основные - британский и американский.

И наконец, как бы хорошо вы ни знали учебники, которыми вы будете пользоваться в классе, никогда не идите на урок неподготовленными. Раз­решите процитировать выдающегося российского преподавателя ино­странных языков: «Урок - это тщательно подготовленная импровизация».

В вашей преподавательской деятельности будут взлеты и падения. Не падайте духом в любой ситуации. Профессия, которую вы избрали, и творческая, и благодарная. Я желаю вам в ней всяческих успехов!

А ' -__________ _

abandon........................................ 190

absolutely...................................... 32

abundance................................... 142

acid............................................. 217

acquaintance................................ 217

acquire......................................... 142

admiration..................................... 32

admire.......................................... 32

adopt.......................................... .126

advantage..................................... 11

adventure...................................... 63

adventurer..................................... 63

adventurous................................... 63

affairs........................................... 99

aisle............................................. 212

alien.............................................. 11

allege............................................ 63

allegedly........................................ 63

amateurish........................... -...».... 99

amazing........................................ 114

antiquary...................................... 154

apology.....................>................. 190

appeal.......................................... 165

appreciate..................................... 32

approach....................................... 87

appropriate................................... 217

approval........................................ 47

archaic......................................... 253

archaism...................................... 244

argue............................................ 99

arise............................................. 47

as follows..................................... 154

assert............................................ 11

assertion.................i................... 11

assess......................................... 154

at a moment's notice....................... 47

attempt......................................... 63

attribute........................................ 216

avail............................................. 180

avocado...................„......„.......... 244

avoid.........»....„^...*.,.«.-«>............ 11

EX

bachelor...................................... 31

baffle.......................................... 11

balcony...................................... 212

battered..................................... 142

bawdiness.................................. 202

be at war..................................... 75

be determined...............,..„......... 75

beknighted.................................. 99

be the brains behind................... 88

beam........................................... 231

bear.......................... -.................. 10

beard..............,.*........................ 28

behaviour.................................... 47

belong......................................... 31

beneath...................................... 202

bet............................................... 32

beyond....................................... 114

beware......................................... 28

billiard-marker........................... 217

birch........................................... 217

bleak.......................................... 217

blend.......................................... 202

blessed....................................... 154

bliss............................................ 154

bluntness.................................... 165

blur............................................. 180

board........................................... 142

boast.......................................... 154

booby-trap.................................. 11

boost.......................................... 165

bough.......................................... 28

boundary................................... 230

box............................................. 212

braid............................................ 165

brain............................................. 87

bristle.......................................... 32

brooch....................................... 165

buffalo....................................... 244

bull............................................... 32

bush............................................. 47

but............................................... 31

cafeteria..................................... 244

calf.............................................. 32

can't help.................................... 11

canoe......................................... 244

canyon........................................ 244

carbon dioxide................; *.-.₄.-.-....126

cast............................................ 202

casting....................................... 202

cause.......................................... 217

cavern.......................................... 87

celebrity...................................... 99

cello............................................ 88

challenge.................................... 32

challenger................................... 32

challenging.................................. 32

chamber..................................... 99

charity........................................ 217

chart........................................... 165

chimneypiece............................ 217

circle.......................................... 217

circumnavigate.......................... 217

click............................................ 47

coconut...................................... 217

coin............................................. 99

colony......................................... 63

come true................................... 47

comment.................................... 32

common knowledge.................. 217

comprise..................................... 10

concern..................................... 126

concrete.................................... 231

conduct....................................... 47

confidence................................. 230

confine........................................ 99

consequence............................. 126

consistent................................... 11

contain........................................ 10

contemporary............................. 63

content....................................... 217

contribution................................ 217

controlling interest....................... 10

conviction................................... 32

cookie........................................ 244

cope........................................... 190

corn............................................. 75

correspond.................................. 31

correspondingly.......................... 31

corruption................................... 244

cough..............................;;...»..... 28

countenance.............................. 142

courage....................................... 32

coward....................................... 142

crucial........................................ 126

curtain........................................ 212

curve......................................... 165

curving....................................... 165

custom-fitted.............................. 179

dare............................................. 142

dart............................................ 165

dash............................................. 47

Vocabulary

dazzling...................................... 217

declension................................... 11

decline....................................... 231

delightful..................................... 47

demand........................................ 32

demented.................................... 99

demolish.................................... 231

deny............................................ 142

depart........................................ 142

depletion.................................... 126

dept............................................. 28

deserted...................................... 63

desperate................................... 190

despite........................................ 75

destruction................................. 126

devastating................................ 230

development.............................. 230

device........................................ 230

devour........................................ 48

disease........................................ 75

disposition.................................. 217

distinctively................................ 244

distort......................................... 190

diver........................................... 217

diversion..................................... 32

divinely-gifted............................ 142

dizzy............................................ 142

domed....................................... 217

domiciled................................... 180

dominance.................................. 10

dough.......................................... 28

drag.............................................. 48

dramatically................................ 99

dreamy......................................... 32

drift apart.................................... 11

dub............................................ 202

due to......................................... 126

durable....................................... 231

E____________________________

edge........................................... 165

efficient...................................... 126

elaborate.................................... 165

elevator...................................... 230

eliminate.................................... 126

emerge....................................... 10

emergence................................. 10

emission..................................... 114

emit............................................ 114

emphasise.................................. 31

emphatically............................... 31

enable......................................... 75

encore........................................ 165

endeavour.................................. 244

endow........................................ 190

enhance..................................... 180

enigma........................................ 99

enigmatic.................................... 99

ensure......................................... 126

entertain...................................... 10

entertainment............................. 10

entirely....................................... 143

entitle......................................... 180

escape........................................ 48

evidence..................................... 63

exaggerate................................. 99

exaggeration............................... 99

exceed........................................ 99

exhaust....................................... 87

exhausted................................... 87

expand......................................... 10

expansion................................... 10

expenditure................................ 126

explore........................................ 75

explorer....................................... 75

exquisite..................................... 154

extraordinarily............................. 47

extraordinary.............................. 47

F____________________________

fabric.......................................... 165

fabulous..................................... 165

fail............................................... 63

failure.......................................... 63

fake............................................ 165

fancy.......................................... 217

fascinate..................................... 99

fascination.................................. 99

fastening.................................... 165

fault............................................ 142

faultless...................................... 142

feature....................................... 244

ferocity........................................ 47

fit................................................ 179

fitter............................................ 179

flavour........................................ 202

floppy......................................... 165

folly............................................ 142

footlights.................................... 212

fortnight...................................... 217

fossil........................................... 126

frenzy.......................................... 99

friendly........................................ 63

fuel............................................. 126

furthermore................................ 253

fuss............................................. 87

galaxy......................................... 114

gallery........................................ 212

garment..................................... 180

gasp............................................. 47

gaze............................................ 142

gender......................................... 11

generation.................................. 126

generous..................................... 11

genre............................................ 99

give in......................................... 75

glamour...................................... 176

glamourous................................ 176

gleam.......................................... 47

go down in history as.................. 63

godsend...................................... 11

goodness.................................... 32

grease.......................................... 87

greenhouse................................ 114

greenhouse effect..................... 114

grid............................................. 231

grief............................................. 99

grin.............................................. 47

grocer........................................ 142

groceries.................................... 142

gruelling..................................... 202

guttersnipe................................. 202

habitability.................................. 114

halt............................................. 231

hammock.................................. 244

handful....................................... 165

hash............................................ 142

haunt.......................................... 143

hence.......................................... 253

hiccough..................................... 28

holy.............................................. 63

hum............................................. 47

|__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ■

illustrious.................................... 154

immense..................................... 32

impact........................................ 114

imply........................................... 10

imposing.................................... 217

improper..................................... 48

in accordance with.................... 154

in charge of................................ 88

in favour..................................... 47

in remembrance......................... 75

in spite of.................................... 75

incidentally.................................. 87

incomparable.............................. 11

inconsistency.............................. 11

ineradicable............................... 166

inevitable..................................... 31

inflect.......................................... 11

inflection..................................... 11

ingenious................................... 154

inhabit........................................ 114

inherit.......................................... 99

initiate........................................ 176

innovation.................................. 253

insane.......................................... 142

Vocabulary

inspiration................................... 217

integral........................................ 11

intimately................................... 217

i ntrude......................................... 143

intrusion..................................... 143

irascible..................................... 202

irresistible................................... 190

J

jersey......................................... 165

К____________________________

keep up...................................... 190

knight.......................................... 99

knock about............................... 244

L____________________________

landscape.................................. 244

latter............................................ 10

laughing stock........................... 190

launch......................................... 166

layer........................................... 126

leaps and bounds........................ 47

leather......................................... 87

leave sb alone............................. 48

legitimate...........................,;...,... 11

liberally...................................... 244

line-up......................................... 87

lingua franca............................... 11

liquidate...................................... 75

longevity.................................... 165

loosely....................................... 180

M _____________ ■ _; .:..■ ' '-.', -

mackintosh............................... 253

mainland....................................... 63

maize........................................... 75

major......................................... 114

make for.................................... 114

mangle....................................... 142

mar............................................. 154

marble....................................... 142

masonry.................................... 230

matinee...................................... 212

meddle....................................... 142

medieval...................................... 176

melt............................................ 114

mercifully.................................... 11

misleading.................................. 11

missionary................................. 217

monk.......................................... 75

monotonous................................ 31

morsel.......................................... 48

moth............................................. 28

motley........................................ 217

mould......................................... 154

mud............................................. 47

murder........................................ 99

mustang..................................... 244

myrtle......................................... 47

mysterious.................................. 87

mystery...................................... 87

N_____________

naive........................................... 253

namely........................................ 126

nightmare.................................. 142

novelty........................................ 47

numerical.................................... 10

Q____________________________

obdurate.................................... 142

obedience................................... 47

objection.................................... 217

oboe............................................ 88

observe....................................... 48

obsess....................................... 217

obsessed.................................... 217

obviously.................................... 244

on the verge of.......................... 190

one-of-a-kind............................. 180

opulence.................................... 165

orchestra pit............................... 212

origin........................................... 87

original........................................ 87

otherwise................................... 142

out loud....................................... 31

outpouring................................... 99

outspoken.................................. 217

overwhelmingly......................... 165

P____________________________:, ,;: ■ -.

Q

quilted........................................ 165

• quit.............................................. 165

quote........................................... 47

raccoon..................................... 244

rack............................................ 190

rack one's brain(s).................... 190

raise............................................ 142

range............................................ 10

rapid............................................. 11

rapidly......................................... 11

rate.............................................. 11

ravishing...................................... 154

ready-made............................... 180

ready-to-wear............................ 180

realm........................................... 244

recite........................................... 32

recognition................................. 231

recommence.............................. 32

recruit......................................... 75

reduce....................................... 114

refer........................................... 126

Vocabulary

refine.......................................... 88

refined......................................... 88

reflective.................................... 190

reign............................................. 63

release.......................................... 99

reluctant...................................... 31

reluctantly................................... 31

rely.............................................. 11

remake........................................ 202

remuneration............................. 154

render........................................ 244

renewable.................................. 126

renowned................................... 244

rescue.......................................... 32

rescuer....................................... 32

resident...................................... 154

resolute....................................... 32

responsibly................................ 126

restless...................................... 216

restore....................................... 143

restored..................................... 143

restrict........................................ 114

retort........................................... 11

revengeful................................. 190

revert......................................... 190

revive.......................................... 165

ridicule....................................... 190

rodeo.......................................... 244

roving......................................... 217

row............................................. 212

rule............................................... 63

rumour....................................... 165

S____________________________

satisfaction.................... .......,,.., 143

satisfactorily............................... 143

satisfy........................................ 143

save............................................. 63

Saviour, The.................................. 63

scarecrow.................................. 142

scent.......................................... 165

scope.......................................... 99

seabed....................................... 217

seamstress................................ 180

seed corn.................................... 75

seek........................................... 217

seize............................................ 126

separate..................................... 126

severe......................................... 114

sew............................................. 179

sewing........................................ 179

shaft........................................... 230

sheep.......................................... 31

shelled........................................ 165

short-lived.................................. 253

show off..................................... 230

shrubbery.................................... 47

simplify...................................... 114

sink............................................. 47

slave............................................. 75

slavery........................................ 75

smack......................................... 31

smart......................................... 165

smash......................................... 142

smashing................................... 190

soil.............................................. 154

sophisticated............................... 99

specific....................................... 63

spontaneous.............................. 202

stabilize...................................... 114

stage.......................................... 212

stain........................................... 165

stalls........................................... 212

stampede................................... 244

star............................................. 190

starvation.................................... 75

starve.......................................... 75

steal............................................ 47

steam-operated......................... 230

stiff.............................................. 11

stir............................................... 11

strain.......................................... 230

strand......................................... 217

stratosphere............................... 126

stuffy........................................... 31

sublimely.................................... 154

submit........................................ 142

subsidiary.................................... 88

subtle.......................................... 99

succeed...................................... 75

suite............................................ 28

suite of rooms............................ 143

supervise.................................... 99

supplies....................................... 63

suppress..................................... 47

surpass...................................... 231

survive.......................................... 75

swear......................................... 142

T

tailor........................................... 180

tailoring...................................... 180

technique................................... 230

tenacious................................... 216

tenant.......................................... 99

tenderly...................................... 143

therefore.................................... 253

thorough...................................... 28

threat.......................................... 114

throughout................................... 99

tight............................................. 87

tiresome..................................... 217

toe.............................................. 142

tortoise....................................... 165

tough........................................... 28

trace........................................... 165

tranquilly.................................... 142

transfer...................................... 154

treasure...................................... 154

tremble........................................ 47

trifle............................................ 154

trimmed..................................... 165

triumph........................................ 48

troposphere................................ 126

turn out........................................ 62

tweed......................................... 165

U....; _: , ■., ■...

ultimately................................... 176

unanimously.............................. 154

unbearable.................................. 10

undermine.................................. 48

underwear................................. 253

unequalled.................................. 11

uninflected.................................. 11

unintelligible............................... 190

universe....................................... 114

untamed.................................... 244

urge............................................ 216

utterly.......................................... 32

vanish........................................... 47

varied.......................................... 99

vastness..................................... 217

verge.......................................... 190

versatile..................................... 231

vest............................................ 253

vexatious................................... 216

Viking........................................... 63

vile.............................................. 217

villain.......................................... 143

violence...................................... 202

virgin........................................... 63

vivid............................................. 165

W ■ ■ --■ '■ ■ • ■ ■ '■

waistcoat.................................... 253

warehouse................................. 230

wealth.......................................... 75

Wellingtons................................... 253

widespread.................................. 99

wit.............................................. 190

with good grace......................... 216

witness....................................... 217

wretch........................................ 142

youngsters.................................. 99

KEYS