Noun Clause

“ A dependent clause that functions as a noun in a sentence is called noun clause.”
A noun clause performs same function like a noun in a sentence.
Example What he did made a problem for his family.
A noun clause works as a noun that acts as a subject, object, or predicate in a sentence. A noun clause starts with words “that, what, whatever, who, whom, whoever, whomever”.

Adjective Clause “ An adjective clause works like adjective in a sentence. The function of an adjective is to modify (describe) a noun or a pronoun. Similarly a noun clause modifies a noun or a pronoun.
Example He wears a shirt which looks nice. Adjective clause begins with relative pronoun (that, who, whom, whose, which, or whose) and is also relative clause.

Adverb Clause A dependent clause that functions as an adverb in a sentence is called adverb clause” An adverb clause like an adverb modifies a verb, adjective clause or other adverb clause in a sentence. It modifies(describes) the situation in main clause in terms of “time, frequency (how often), cause and effect, contrast, condition, intensity (to what extent). ”The fireworks show will start after the sun goes down.

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A COMPOUND SENTENCE has two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so), a conjunctive adverb (e.g. however, therefore), or a semicolon alone. A compound-complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Example: Because I am an English teacher, some people expect me to speak perfectly, and other people expect me to write perfectly.

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The English language belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of languages. The history of the English language has traditionally been divided into three main periods: Old English (450-1100 AD), Middle English (1100-circa 1500 AD) and Modern English (since 1500). Over the centuries, the English language has been influenced by a number of other languages.
Old English (450 - 1100 AD): During the 5th Century AD three Germanic tribes (Saxons, Angles, and Jutes) came to the British Isles from various parts of northwest Germany as well as Denmark.
Through the years, the Saxons, Angles and Jutes mixed their different Germanic dialects. This group of dialects forms what linguists refer to as Old English or Anglo-Saxon. The word " English" was in Old English " Englisc", and that comes from the name of the Angles. The Angles were named from Engle, their land of origin.
Middle English (1100-circa 1500 AD): After William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, invaded and conquered England in 1066 AD with his armies and became king, he brought his nobles, who spoke French, to be the new government. The Old French took over as the language of the court, administration, and culture. Latin was mostly used for written language, especially that of the Church. Meanwhile, The English language, as the language of the now lower class, was considered a vulgar tongue.
By about 1200, England and France had split. English changed a lot, because it was mostly being spoken instead of written for about 300 years. The use of Old English came back, but with many French words added. This language is called Middle English. Most of the words embedded in the English vocabulary are words of power, such as crown, castle, court, parliament, army, mansion, gown, beauty, banquet, art, poet, romance, duke, servant, peasant, traitor and governor. (" Language Timeline", The British Library Board)
Modern English (1500 to the present): Modern English developed after William Caxton established his printing press at Westminster Abbey in 1476. By the time of Shakespeare's writings (1592-1616), the language had become clearly recognizable as Modern English. There were three big developments in the world at the beginning of Modern English period: the Renaissance, the Industrial Revolution, and the British Colonialism.
It was during the English Renaissance that most of the words from Greek and Latin entered English.
England began the Industrial Revolution (18th century) and this had also an effect on the development of the language. New technical words were added to the vocabulary as inventors designed various products and machinery.
For as long as English has been a language it has been changing,.

Dropping old sounds.

Over time, English has lost consonants, vowels and even entire syllables in the constant editing process language goes through to achieve efficiency. Sounds can disappear in any context, but they are most prone to loss from the endings of words, where articulation is not as strong

Modifying old sounds - assimilation and dissimilation.

Sounds can be modified based on the sounds surrounding them by anticipating the sounds after them or being influenced by the sounds before them to change the pronounciation. This concept is known as assimilation.. A clear example of this is when you say the words 'pancake' or 'incompetent' in a sentence the /n/ will be expecting the velar /k/ sound and so assimilate to of it by the place of articulation - so what you end up saying will mostlikely sounds closer to 'pangcake' or 'ingcompetent' (ɪ ŋ kɒ mpə tə nt).
The opposite action to assimilation is dissimilation, where sounds become dfferent to the sounds around it, or possibly what it is meant to sound like. This can be attributed to the fact that repetition of the same sounds can be difficult, difficulty with repetitive sounds is most obvious in attempting tongue twisters, like 'she sells sea shells by the sea shore' or 'Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers'.

The appearance of new sounds.

We've already discussed sound loss, and the opposite to this is the phenomenon of sound addition. Vowels can be added to words to make otherwse difficult clusters of sounds smoother and eaiser to say - for example umberella instead of 'umbrella' and athalete instead of 'athlete'. This inclusion of new sounds is also applicable to consonants, however in this case the addition is contributed to a stumble or mistiming while speaking, resulting in unusual pronunciation like fambly rather than 'family'.

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The long-term linguistic effect of the Viking settlements in England was threefold: over a thousand words eventually became part of Standard English; numerous places in the East and North-east of England have Danish names; and many English personal names are of Scandinavian origin. Scandinavian words that entered the English language included landing, score, beck, fellow, take, busting, and steersman. The vast majority of loan words did not appear in documents until the early 12th century; these included many modern words which used sk- sounds, such as skirt, sky, and skin; other words appearing in written sources at this time included again, awkward, birth, cake, dregs, fog, freckles, gasp, law, moss, neck, ransack, root, scowl, sister, seat, sly, smile, want, weak, and window from Old Norse meaning " wind-eye". Some of the words that came into use are among the most common in English, such as to go, to come, to sit, to listen, to eat, both, same, get, and give. The system of personal pronouns was affected, with they, them, and their replacing the earlier forms. Old Norse influenced the verb to be; the replacement of sindon by are is almost certainly Scandinavian in origin, as is the third-person-singular ending -s in the present tense of verbs.
There are more than 1, 500 Scandinavian place names in England, mainly in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire (within the former boundaries of the Danelaw): over 600 end in -by, the Scandinavian word for " village" or " town" — for example Grimsby, Naseby, and Whitby; many others end in -thorpe (" farm"), -thwaite (" clearing"), and -toft (" homestead")^.
The distribution of family names showing Scandinavian influence is still, as an analysis of names ending in -son reveals, concentrated in the north and east, corresponding to areas of former Viking settlement. Early medieval records indicate that over 60% of personal names in Yorkshire and North Lincolnshire showed Scandinavian influence.