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Noun Clause
“ A dependent clause that functions as a noun in a sentence is called noun clause.” Adjective Clause “ An adjective clause works like adjective in a sentence. The function of an adjective is to modify (describe) a noun or a pronoun. Similarly a noun clause modifies a noun or a pronoun. Adverb Clause A dependent clause that functions as an adverb in a sentence is called adverb clause” An adverb clause like an adverb modifies a verb, adjective clause or other adverb clause in a sentence. It modifies(describes) the situation in main clause in terms of “time, frequency (how often), cause and effect, contrast, condition, intensity (to what extent). ”The fireworks show will start after the sun goes down. БІЛЕТ 8 A COMPOUND SENTENCE has two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so), a conjunctive adverb (e.g. however, therefore), or a semicolon alone. A compound-complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Example: Because I am an English teacher, some people expect me to speak perfectly, and other people expect me to write perfectly. БІЛЕТ 9 The English language belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of languages. The history of the English language has traditionally been divided into three main periods: Old English (450-1100 AD), Middle English (1100-circa 1500 AD) and Modern English (since 1500). Over the centuries, the English language has been influenced by a number of other languages. Dropping old sounds. Over time, English has lost consonants, vowels and even entire syllables in the constant editing process language goes through to achieve efficiency. Sounds can disappear in any context, but they are most prone to loss from the endings of words, where articulation is not as strong Modifying old sounds - assimilation and dissimilation. Sounds can be modified based on the sounds surrounding them by anticipating the sounds after them or being influenced by the sounds before them to change the pronounciation. This concept is known as assimilation.. A clear example of this is when you say the words 'pancake' or 'incompetent' in a sentence the /n/ will be expecting the velar /k/ sound and so assimilate to of it by the place of articulation - so what you end up saying will mostlikely sounds closer to 'pangcake' or 'ingcompetent' (ɪ ŋ kɒ mpə tə nt). The appearance of new sounds. We've already discussed sound loss, and the opposite to this is the phenomenon of sound addition. Vowels can be added to words to make otherwse difficult clusters of sounds smoother and eaiser to say - for example umberella instead of 'umbrella' and athalete instead of 'athlete'. This inclusion of new sounds is also applicable to consonants, however in this case the addition is contributed to a stumble or mistiming while speaking, resulting in unusual pronunciation like fambly rather than 'family'. БІЛЕТ 10 The long-term linguistic effect of the Viking settlements in England was threefold: over a thousand words eventually became part of Standard English; numerous places in the East and North-east of England have Danish names; and many English personal names are of Scandinavian origin. Scandinavian words that entered the English language included landing, score, beck, fellow, take, busting, and steersman. The vast majority of loan words did not appear in documents until the early 12th century; these included many modern words which used sk- sounds, such as skirt, sky, and skin; other words appearing in written sources at this time included again, awkward, birth, cake, dregs, fog, freckles, gasp, law, moss, neck, ransack, root, scowl, sister, seat, sly, smile, want, weak, and window from Old Norse meaning " wind-eye". Some of the words that came into use are among the most common in English, such as to go, to come, to sit, to listen, to eat, both, same, get, and give. The system of personal pronouns was affected, with they, them, and their replacing the earlier forms. Old Norse influenced the verb to be; the replacement of sindon by are is almost certainly Scandinavian in origin, as is the third-person-singular ending -s in the present tense of verbs.
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