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Prefixation






Prefixation is the formation of words by means of adding a prefix to the

stem.

happy- unhappy, connect-disconnect; write- rewrite;

Composition is the way of word-building when a word is formed by joining

two or more stems to form one word e.g. 'best-seller. war-ship, skinhead,

Conversion is a characteristic feature of the English word-building system. Conversion is the main way of forming verbs in Modern English. Verbs can be formed from nouns of different

semantic groups and have different meanings: EX: fish-to fish, dust-to dust

. Nouns can also be converted from verbs. Converted nouns can denote a) instant of an action: a jump, a move; b) process or state: sleep, walk;

BILET 16

Shortenings (or contracted words) are produced in two different ways. The

first is to make a new word from a syllable of the original word. The letter may

lose its beginning (phone from telephone, fence from defence), its ending (hols

from holidays) or both the beginning and ending (flu from influenza).

The second way of shortening is to make a new word from the initial letters

of a word group: U.N.O., B.B.C., M.P. This type is called initial shortenings

(acronyms).

There are two main types of shortenings: graphical and lexical.

Graphical abbreviations are the result of shortening of words and word-groups only in written speech while orally the corresponding full forms are used. They are used for the economy of space and effort in writing.EX No -number (numero),. Mon - Monday, Mr- Mister

The reading of some graphical abbreviations depends ofi the context, e.g. «m» can be read as: male, married, masculine, metre, mile, million, minute

Lexical abbreviations are formed by a simultaneous operation of shortenings compounding. EX B. B. C. – British Broadcasting Corporation, T. V. – television; UNO – United Nations Organization

Clipping consists in the cutting off of 1 or several syllables of a word.EX: ad -advertisement, lab – laboratory, phone – telephone: flu – influenza, frig – refrigerator.

BILET 17

Blending is the process of combining parts of two words to form one wordE.g. Smog=smoke + fog

Sound-imitation is formation of words from sounds that resemble those associated with the object or action to be named or that seem suggestive of its qualities.

: (e.g. bark, meow, moo)

In Reduplications new words are made up by doubling a stem, either without any phonetic changes as in buy-buy or with a variation of the root-vowel or consonant as in ping-pong

Back-formation is the derivation of new words by subtracting a real or supposed affix from existing words through misinterpretation of their structure. In these cases the verb was made from the noun EX paint-painter

6) Sound-interchange is a change of a phoneme in a morpheme resulting in a new lexical meaning. The process is not active in the language at present.

E.g. Song – to sing, food – feed.

Stress interchange › is one of the ways of word building, based on a shift of stress 'conduct – to con'duct 'present – to pre'sent 'frequent - to fre'quent

БИЛЕТ 18

System contain of syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. Paradigmatic are -- synonymy hyponymy antonymy-- functional styles

Synonyms – are two or more words belonging to the same part of speech and possessing one or more identical or nearly identical denotational meanings, interchangeable in some context.Look – to stare, to gaze, to glance, to peep.Pretty – good – looking, handsome, beautiful. Each group comprises a dominant element. Synonymic dominant – is the most general term of its kind potentially containing the specific features rendered by all the other members of the group.Types of synonyms: Ideographic.Stylistic.Absolute.Contextual –Dominant

The sources of synonyms: borrowings, shift of meaning, dialectical words, compounds, shortenings, conversion, euphemisms.

A euphemism is a polite expression used in place of words or phrases that otherwise might be considered harsh or unpleasant to hear. Euphemisms are used regularly, and there are many examples in every day language.


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