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Norwich, England
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A similar pattern in g-dropping as was found in Labov’s New York study, was found in the Norwich, England study:
| Casual speech | Careful speech | Reading | |
| Middle-middle class | 28% | 3% | 10% |
| Lower middle class | 42% | 15% | 10% |
| Upper working class | 87% | 74% | 15% |
| Middle working class | 95% | 88% | 44% |
| Lower working class | 100% | 98% | 66% |
SLIDE: TRUDGILL’S NORWICH STUDY (6)
SLIDE: TRUDGILL CHART (7)
One of the variables Trudgill studied was the final consonant in words like walking and running.
Trudgill's study discovered the following:
1. In all social classes, the more careful the speech, the more likely people were to say walking rather than walkin'.
2. The proportion of walkin' type forms was higher in lower social classes.
3. The nonstandard -in' forms occurred much more often in men's speech than in women's, and this was true for all social classes.
4. When women were questioned about what they thought they were saying, they tended to say they used the standard -ing forms more often than they really did.
5. When men were questioned about what they thought they were saying, they tended to say they used the nonstandard -in' forms more often than they really did.
Overall g-dropping rates seem to be somewhat higher in Norwich compared to New York. However, the general pattern of dependence on social status and formality is maintained.
Similar studies have been done in many places, for many linguistic variables other than g-dropping, and the pattern is always the same: there is a sort of systematic analogy between social class and formality.
SLIDE: Los Angeles Study (8)