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WILL/WOULD
⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 4 из 4
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| Meaning | Forms of the MV | Ways of rendering into Russian | Forms of the infinitive | Kinds of sentences | Some other ways of expressing the same meaning | Sentence patterns |
| 1. Volition (willingness, readiness, consent, intention, determination) | I / We will (would) I / We won’t (wouldn’t) | Indefinite Infinitive | affirmative negative | I intend… I’m willing… We wish… We want… I’m determined… | I will tell him about your coming, so he can meet you. I’ve often spoken at public meetings but this time I won’t You may come if you will, but you won’t find the meeting amusing. I said I would take part in the conference. | |
| 2. a) Persistence or refusal to perform an action. b) Refusal to perform an action with lifeless things | will (would) won’t (wouldn’t) won’t wouldn’t will (would) | affirmative negative | He insists…. She keeps on… She refuses… They continue… | The teacher scolds her for whispering at the lesson, but she will whisper. I asked him to tell me the truth, but he wouldn’t. I couldn’t explain anything because the words wouldn’t come. He tried hard to stop the car, but it would move. | ||
| 3. Requests (polite requests, polite invitations and suggestions) | will would | interrogative | Could you… May I ask you to give…? | Will you pass me the salt? Would you come to tea this afternoon? Will you have another cup of tea? | ||
| 4. Habitual or recurrent actions | will (the present tense) (not common) would (the past tense) (literary style) | affirmative | used to | That romantic girl will sit staring at the night sky. He would fish for hours without catching anything. | ||
| Notes | ||||||
| I. Remember the following set phrases: 1. would rather, would sooner. e.g.: I would rather do it myself. He would sooner diethan do it. 2. Would you mind my staying here? I wouldn’t mind your joining us. II. Will may express supposition with reference to the present or future in combination with the indefinite infinitive, or to the past in combination with the perfect infinitive. This meaning is found with the 2nd and 3rd persons e.g.: This will be the school, I believe. You will have heard the news, I’m sure. III. Notice the use of will in the following sentences: e.g.: Boys will be boys. Accidents will happen. You will find no greater wisdom than kindness. |
SHALL
| Meaning | Forms of the MV | Ways of rendering into Russian | Forms of the infinitive | Kinds of sentences | Some other ways of expressing the same meaning | Sentence patterns |
| 1. Asking for instruction | Shall I? Shall he (she, they)? | by emphatic intonation | Indefinite Infinitive | interrogative | Must I do it? Do you want me to do it? Am I to do it? | Shall I read the article again? Shall he (she, they) start speaking on the topic? |
| 2. Compulsion or strict order | You he she it they | shall shan’t | affirmative negative | I shall make him do it. I shall get you to do it. | You shall stop reading fiction books at your lectures. He shan’t prevent us from working at the problem. | |
| 3. Threat or warning | You he she it they | shall shan’t | affirmative negative | Tell him he shall be punished for his behaviour. You shall fail the exam if you don’t work hard. | ||
| 4. Promise | You he she it they | shall shan’t | affirmative negative | You are sure to get… I promise that they won’t punish you. | Don’t worry, you shall have a minute’s rest before meeting begins. |
DARE
| Meaning | Forms of the MV | Ways of rendering into Russian | Forms of the infinitive | Kinds of sentences | Some other ways of expressing the same meaning | Sentence patterns |
| 1. Impertinence, to have the courage to do smth | dare do smth dared do smth | сметь иметь наглость | Indefinite Infinitive | affirmative interrogative | You dare address me in that tone! Did he dare to strike me when I was down? | |
| 2. Not to have courage to do smth | dared not do smth | не сметь | negative | He didn’t dare to meet his uncle | ||
| Notes | ||||||
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