Masculinity X femininity

POWER DISTANCE

SMALL POWER DISTANCE

· Inequities among people should be minimized

· Hierarchy in organizations means an inequity of roles

· Decentralisation is popular

· Narrow salary range between top and bottom of organization

· Subordinates expect to be consulted

· The ideal boss is a resourceful democrat

· Privileges and status symbols are forward upon

· Austria, Israel, GB, Germany, Scandinavian countries

LARGE POWER DISTANCE

· Inequities among people are expected and desired

· Less powerful people should be dependent

· Centralisation is popular

· Wide salary range

· Subordinates expect to be told what to do

· The ideal boss is a benevolent autocrat or good father

· Privileges and status symbols are expected and popular

· France, LA, Belgium, Third World Countries

Large power distance

· children are dependent

· student-teacher inequity => the educational process is teacher centered, teachers are never publicly criticized or contradicted

· organizations centralize power as much as possible in a few hands; subordinates expect to be told what to do; hierarchy

· cultural privileges, status symbols

· one party political system

Small power distance

· children – treated as equals; encouraged to be independent

· need for independence – major component of the mental software

· teachers – treat students as equal and vice versa, educational process is student centered

· organizations – decentralized; hierarchical pyramid – flat; small salary range

· laws guarantee equal rights

· revolutions – unpopular

· scandals – end political carriers

INDIVIDUALISM X COLLECTIVISM

Individualism

· Everybody for him or herself

· USA, GB, Germany

Collectivism

· People should remain attached to tight groups

· East Asian countries, Arab cultures

Individualism

· societies in which ties between individuals are loose – everyone is expected to look after him/herself and his/her family

· speaking one´ s mind is virtue

· children – encouraged to develop opinion; own pocket money

· “guilt societies”

· open discussions at schools

· relation between an employer and employee – business transactions

Collectivism

· people – strong, cohesive1 in groups

· maintenance2 of harmony

· direct confrontations => rude, undesirable

· personal opinion doesn´ t exist

· shame society

· large family – children, parents, uncles, aunts, servants

· lifelong loyalty to one´ s group

MASCULINITY X FEMININITY

MASCULINITY

· Tough society

· Dominant values: material success and progress

· Money and things are important

· People are supported to be assertive, ambitious and tough

· Sympathy for the strong

· Live in order to work

· Resolution of conflicts by fighting them out

· German, Japan, GB, USA

FEMININITY

· Tender society

· Dominant values: Earning for others

· People and warm relationships are important

· People are supported to be modest

· Sympathy for the weak

· Work in order to live

· Resolution of conflicts by compromise

· Scandinavian countries

Masculinity

· Batman, Rambo

· boys/girls learn to be ambitious, competitive

· students – visible in class, compete openly with others

· conflicts should be resolved by a good fight

· manager – visible

· taxation favours wealthy people

· fights

Femininity

· boys/girls learn to be nonambitious, modest

· motto: just behave as everyone else

· resolving conflicts by compromise

· manager is less visible

· taxation redistributes public wealth

· compromise, negotiations