V. Experimental approaches to studying essential activities of animal intelligence

14. CONDITIONAL DISCRIMINATION AS A BASIC TECHNIQUE FOR STUDYING RULE LEARNING

Experimental paradigm of discrimination learning

Discrimination and reversal shift

Conditional discrimination and rule learning

15. CATEGORISATION, ABSTRACTION, AND CONCEPT FORMATION: ARE ANIMALS LOGICAL?

Acquisition of the same/different concept in animals

Categorisation in animals

Abstraction in animals

Animals’ natural concepts: Classification at different levels of abstraction

Mental representation (Imagery)

16. CONCEPTUAL BEHAVIOUR BASED ON RELATIONS

Cross-modal transfer in discrimination tasks

Ordering and serial learning

Transitive inference

Relation matching-to-sample

VI. Advanced intelligence in animals: rule extraction, tool using and number related skills

17. INSIGHTFUL BEHAVIOUR

What is Insight?

Learning how to learn: Learning sets

Latent learning and exploration

18. TOOL USING AS A TOOL FOR EXPERIMENTAL STUDYING OF ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE

Briefly about tool behaviour in animals

Experimental studies on tool use and cognitive abilities in animals

19. NUMERICAL COMPETENCE IN ANIMALS

Criteria of numerical competence for comparative studies

Experimental approaches to studying numerical competence in animals

Numerocity discrimination and estimation in animals

Counting animals

Animals use symbolic representation of numbers

Wild arithmetic: an insight from comparative studies

VII. Knowledge is power but not for all: species-specific intelligence

20. IS FINDING A COMMON METRIC OF INTELLIGENCE POSSIBLE IN REAL ANIMAL LIFE?

Never laugh at fishes: some species and members of species are more intelligence than others

Misbehaviour of organisms”: Learned behaviour drifts

Toward instinctive behaviour

21. A SCETCH ON INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIOUR

Displays of complex instinctive behaviour

Room for intelligence in the context of selective perception and specific responses

22. GUIDED LEARNING AND COGNITIVE SPECIALISATION

Learning preparedness: some associations can be built more readily than others

Is it easy to distinguish between instinctive and learned behaviour?

Harsh environment for pluralism in animal societies: behavioural specialisation within populations

23. DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES OF ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE: ROLE OF INNATE AND ACQUIRED BEHAVIOUR

How an instinct is learned: early experience

How intelligence is wired: innate complex patterns or acquired coordinations?

24. IMPRINTING