Technological Trends in Mining

In step with industrial and technical advances the tempo of mining activity has accelerated rapidly.

Shallow mines containing high-grade ore deposits either have been or are being rapidly mined out and their place can only be taken by deposits lying at minerals greater depths.

Scientists consider that the nature and characteristics of individual minerals al deposits will not differ greatly, except i minerals n the matter of average depth from those of today.

Though more and more useful in the world are mined by open-pit mining, the importance of underground mining is still great because the average grade of ore m minerals underground is higher than that of open-pit ore.

In mining deeper and lower grade deposits there is a tendency to use in situ mining which seems to be a promising process and the one on which research is concentrated on the international scene.

Another problem of mining is further mechanization and automation of mining process. Thus, in underground mining great attention is paid to designing efficient winning complexes consisting of self-moving powered supports incorporated with shearer or plough operating in productive faces.

It is of interest to note that computers have become valuable tools in many mining applications. They are especially useful in mine design, ventilation, simulation, monitoring, and in other fields. The computer software deals with information on seam thickness, borehole data, the nature of disturbances, faulting and folding and other details. Computers can help determine production levels of different extraction strategies, carry out mine planning. Microcomputers also find more wider use in mining and exploration projects.

Special attention is paid to mine safety as part of mechanization and automation of mining processes. Automatic instruments and systems along with safety devices effectively monitor the working environment and ensure human safety in all mining operations.

The mining industry today is to continue to satisfy the world’s rapidly growing demands for minerals and metals. To meet this challenge the most important requirement is the efficient use of modern machinery and human resources based on scientific and technological progress.

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ВАРІАНТ I

Architecture

Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and other physical structures. A wider definition often includes the design of the total built environment, from the macro-level of how a building integrates with its surrounding manmade landscape (see town planning, urban design, and landscape architecture) to the micro-level of architectural or construction details and, sometimes, furniture. The term " Architecture" is also used for the profession of providing architectural services.

Architects are primarily driven by the creative manipulation of mass, space, volume, texture, light, shadow, materials, program, and pragmatic elements such as cost, construction and technology, in order to achieve an end which is aesthetic, functional and often artistic. This distinguishes architecturefrom engineering design, which is driven primarily by the creative manipulation of materials and forms using mathematical and scientific principles.

Separate from the design process, architecture is also experienced through the senses, which therefore gives rise to aural, visual, olfactory, and tactile architecture. As people move through a space, architecture is experienced as a time sequence. Even though our culture considers architecture to be a visual experience, the other senses play a role in how we experience both natural and built environments.Attitudes towards the senses depend on culture. The design process and the sensory experience of a space are distinctly separate views, each with its own language and assumptions.

Architectural works are perceived as cultural and political symbols and works of art. Historical civilizations are often known primarily through their architectural achievements. Such buildingsas the pyramids of Egypt and the Roman Coliseum are cultural symbols, and are an important link in public consciousness, even when scholars have discovered much about a past civilization through other means. Cities, regions and cultures continue to identify themselves with andareknown by their architectural monuments

ВАРІАНТ II