Abstract

КОРОТКИЙ ВИКЛАД ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ КУРСУ

(Іноземна мова наукового спрямування)

ABSTRACT

An abstract (Ukr. анотація) is a short account of a research paper placed before it. In contrast to the abstracts, which appear in abstracting journals, the research article abstract is written by the author of a paper. The " relatives" of the journal abstract are: the summary, the conference abstract, and the synopsis —a shorter version of a document that usually mirrors the organization of the full text.

The abstract performs a number of important functions. It:

· serves as a short version of the paper, which provides the most important information;

· helps, therefore, the potential audience to decide whether to read the whole article or not;

· prepares the reader for reading a full text by giving an idea of what to expect;

· serves as a reference after the paper has been read.

Nowadays, abstracts are widely used in electronic storage and retrieval systems and by on-line information services. Their role in dissemination and circulation of written research products is further increasing in the information age.

The abstract has certain textual and linguistic characteristics. It:

- consists of a single paragraph;

- contains 4-10 full sentences;

- tend s to avoid th e first perso n an d to use impersonal active constructions (e.g., " This research shows...") or passive voice (e.g., " The data were analyzed...");

- rarely uses negative sentences;

- uses meta-text (e.g., " This paper investigates...");

- avoids using acronyms, abbreviations, and symbols (unless they are defined in the abstract itself);

- does not cite by number or refer by number to anything from the text of the paper.

The most frequent tense used in abstracts is the present tense. It is used to state facts, describe methods, make comparisons, and give results. The past tense is preferred when reference is made to the author's own experiments, calculations, observations, etc.

Abstracts are often divided into informative and indicative abstracts. The informative abstract includes main findings and various specifics such as measurements or quantities. This type of abstract often accompanies research reports and looks itself like a report in miniature. Indicative abstracts indicate the subject of a paper. They provide a brief description without going into a detailed account. The abstracts of this type often accompany lengthy texts or theoretical papers. The combination of both types of journal abstracts, however, also exists.

The structure for the English abstract includes the following moves:

1. Situating the research (e.g., by stating current knowledge in the field or a research problem).

2. Presenting the research (e.g., by indicating its main purpose or main features).

3. Describing its methodology.

4. Summarizing the results.

5. Discussing the research (by drawing conclusions and/or giving recommendations).

However, the rhetorical structure of journal abstracts may vary depending upon a research subject, field of investigation, and type of a paper.