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для магістрів спеціальності 8.03050401 «Економіка підприємства»

1. Read the text.

Employment and the Transport Industry

Let's consider the amount of labour used by transport At one point before the Second World War, the LMS (London Midland Scottish Railway) was the largest employer inthe UK, Employment patterns have changed, but at the present time the transport sector is a major employer in the UK, particularly in the road haulage sector. The wages paid may also be important. Similarly, air transport or airport wages can affect many people, as those who have been affected by airline strikes or stoppages can testify. At one stage, the ports were a major source of employment in many areas as old pictures of these areas portray. Whilst the ports are still important, they employ far less labour given die availability of rollon/roll-off ferries where die vehicles drive straight on to the ships, containerization, palletisation, and many forms of mechanisation, thereby replacing a vast numbers of workers.

Lаnd and the Transport Industry

The land required may be considerable in the transport industry as seen in Los Angeles, for example, where it has been estimated that about 70 % of the land space is used for vehicles (both roads and parking). In York in the 19th century, the railway occupied about) of the land for the passenger station as well as freight lines and sidings. Landowners in the 19th century often resisted the efforts of the railway companies to go through their land, This not only altered the location of the railways, but also modified the total costs of the original railways. Even today this still affects some of the variable costs as well as demand.

Modern airports are often massive and the problem of land is one chat arouses great passions, although this is nothing new. The proposed third runway for Heathrow announced in November 2007 aroused such a controversy.

The problem of land allocation for transport purposes is still a major problem. This may occur on a large scale, such as considering whether additional runways or terminals should be allocated for airports. After all, once built it is difficult to find alternative sites. It may occur in relatively small bits of land, which cumulatively will add to a considerable amount of land. For example, planning regulations usually specify that houses have to have garages, although the evi­dence is that in a large number of cases, the garages are not used for their original purpose. Therefore, we are using a large amount of land inefficiently. In urban areas, complaints about land allocation for the purpose of new housing are common, but the land is more often used for die provision of roads rather than for the houses themselves.

The ports by definition may be limited in where they can he lo­cated, but are important decisions as they immediately become sunk costs nevertheless as many of these cases cannot easily he reversed. The problems of land allocation (such as trying to preserve railway trackbeds in case they can be used in the future or for roads) have not been satisfactorily resolved. The pricing policy for land, and particularly for parking, is one that causes a great number of prob­lems. How we allocate land for roads in gene nil and whether we need toll roads, congestion charges and so on are also of concern.

Fuel and the Transport Industry

The amount of fuel required by the transport industry has been a problem for many non-oil producing countries, particularly since the increase in the price of oil from OPEC in 1975 and following the Iranian revolution in 1979. This has led many people to speculate on how far we can move away from fossil fuels. Even in the USA, former President George Bush Junior has talked about the need for Americans to move away from their dependence on foreign oil. More attention has been paid to the social costs or external effects of the transport industry. The increase in the number of air journeys has caused concern and most countries signed the Kyoto agreement in 1997 which is trying to limit the amounts of pollution, etc. The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, signed by many countries, is an amendment to the international treaty on climate change, assigning mandatory targets for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to signatory nations.

Social Costs Importance and Definition

Social costs are total costs to the community and therefore include both private costs and external costs are those which are not borne by the consumer or producer of die goods or services. This could, for example, be die costs arising from a ship that goes down, such as the MSC Napoli near Branscombe, Devon in January 2007, which was carrying several thousand containers and caused considerable pollution.

Social costs are important in transport economics. This is be­cause, whereas other industries have little impact on people who are neither consumers nor producers, the same is not true of the transport industry. We can readily see this with proposals for new transport facilities such as airports or major roads where many peo­ple have opinions even if they are not going to use the airport or new road, We deal more extensively with this in Chapter 16 on cost benefit analysis.

Other major examples of social costs are road accidents, which in the UK, are just under 3, 000 per year and about 300, 000 injuries per year. This is a considerable improvement on the number of deaths and injuries in the 1970s when about 7, 000 deaths were caused each year but is still obviously too high. There has been a 62 % decrease in the number of fetal and serious injuries since 1980 to 2005 in spite of die considerable increase in volume of traffic. In the past, lead additives were important in the case of petrol and caused a considerable amount of pollution. Whilst these additives have been phased out with minor exceptions, deaths from pollution are still very high. Ken Livingstone, the former elected Mayor of London, cited pollution effects as one of the reasons for the area expansion covered by the congestion charge. In a city such as Lon­don, the traffic pollution is by far the greatest component of pollution since industry pollution is relatively minor by comparison.

Noise

Air transport noise is difficult to avoid, and with any airport expan­sion proposal there have been complaints. It is not necessarily from the aircraft themselves, Ironically, part of the concerns about addi­tional noise from any proposed expansion of Heath now has been the number of cars travelling to and from Heathrow, adding to both the noise and pollution in that part of the London area.

Public Awareness

The public has grown more aware of related social costs due in part to the growing awareness of global warming. The Stern Report, published in October 2006, warned of such dangers to the UK and other economies.

We might also assume that as people get richer they will be more aware of the problems of social costs, especially if they spend more money on housing. They then will notice the road noise and pollution that could prevent them from enjoying their great wealth. It is very noticeable in the UK that nearly all housing advertisements will stress, if it is true, that the new housing is in a quiet neighbourhood.

Most new roads, apart from bypasses, trunk roads and motorways, are built so they do not have through traffic going to the roads, a trend that is becoming increasingly popular. Air noise, on the other hand, is more difficult from which to be sheltered since it is very difficult to find area not affected by this surrounding an airport.

2. Write down 10 terms and their translation from the text in the sequence they appear in the text.

3. Translate the text in written form.

4. Complete the sentences:

· The subject of the article is…

· The object of the article is …

· The article deals (is concerned) with…

· The article touches upon the issue of…

· The purpose of the article is to give the reader some information on…

· The article gives a detailed analysis of …

· The following conclusions are drawn:...

5. Write an abstract to the text

6. Describe the following graph

7. Find and describe a graph in your major

8. Translate the title of your Master’s Thesis