Agricultural Economics

Agricultural economics has been one of the leading branches of applied economics since the 1920s. Now it is developing rapidly and successfully as it is important for most countries of the world.

In order to understand agricultural economics it is necessary to know how crops are sown, cultivated, fertilized, and harvested, how livestock are bred, raised, fattened, and sold.

One of the main characteristics of agricultural sector is its great dependence on natural conditions, such as climate, weather, soil, etc. For example, there are differences between farms growing crops or fattening cattle in the central part of Russia and in its southern regions, as well as between farms growing wheat in the Ukraine and Kazakhstan. Farms of the same type working under different natural conditions use different livestock breeds, crop varieties, harvesting machinery, etc.

In developed countries the productivity in agricultural sector including agriculture and processing of agricultural products is being raised as fast as in economy as a whole. The main reasons for rising efficiency are: a) better agricultural technology; b) better capital inputs¹⁾, such as machinery; c) achievements in biological sciences.

However, there are two main factors limiting further rise of efficiency, increasing energy scarcity as well as the loss of topsoil²⁾ and water.

Unlike incomes in most industries, farm incomes vary from year to year. They depend on weather conditions and changes in demand for and supply of most farm products.

All these problems are considered by agricultural economics.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. Why is agricultural economics developing rapidly?

2. What is it necessary to know to understand agricultural economics?

3. What is the main characteristic of agriculture?

4. Why do farms of the same type in different regions use different livestock breeds, crop varieties and machinery?

5. What are the main reasons for rising efficiency in agriculture in the developed countries?

6. What are the factors limiting further rise of productivity in agriculture?

7. Why do farm incomes vary from year to year?

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочета­ния:

processing industries; growing demand; developing relationships; increasing productivity; growing scarcity; working plants; changing buyers' behaviour.

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания с причастными оборотами:

consumers choosing the cheapest goods; economies сорing with resources scarcity; economists predicting new tendencies; industries belonging to the primary sector; companies having high profits; data showing differences between regions; economists dealing with labour markets

Переведите однокоренные слова и определите, ка­кими частями речи они являются:

1. to differ, different, difference

2. to vary, various, variety

3. efficient, efficiently, efficiency

________________

¹⁾capital inputs — капиталовложения

²⁾topsoil — верхний слой почвы

Вставьте слова из предыдущего упражнения.

1. The enterprise is working....

2. There is a... of reasons for high unemployment in this region.

3. Prices of the same agricultural products... from region to region.

4. There is not any... between these two methods, only the names....

5. These two economists are interested in... fields of economics.

6. They have raised... of their work by means of new machinery.

UNIT 7