Студопедия

Главная страница Случайная страница

КАТЕГОРИИ:

АвтомобилиАстрономияБиологияГеографияДом и садДругие языкиДругоеИнформатикаИсторияКультураЛитератураЛогикаМатематикаМедицинаМеталлургияМеханикаОбразованиеОхрана трудаПедагогикаПолитикаПравоПсихологияРелигияРиторикаСоциологияСпортСтроительствоТехнологияТуризмФизикаФилософияФинансыХимияЧерчениеЭкологияЭкономикаЭлектроника






The rise of the earliest linguistic disciplines.






The orthoepist at the end of the 16th century Richard Malcaster in his book “ Elementary ” stated the orthographical norms for teaching at school. At the same time scholar began to work under the description of Grammatik. The first grammarians tried to describe not only the grammar of the language, but also orthoepy. That means that, they described the rules of reading, the correlation of writing and pronunciation. Some book were devoted to orthoepy; Hart “Orthography of English speech”, William Boolocar “book at large for the amendment of orthography of English speech”. Early grammatists. First their books were written like Latin books. The example is a book by Lilly Joe. It was the first half of the 15th century. Some grammarians tried to retain Latin traditions, some of them were more progressive. The main difference in their approaches was the number of the parts of speech, a number of cases, tenses. There were 2 tendencies: some grammarians consider that the language should be based on reason (на логике), that means, that phenomenon that can’t be understood should be taken away from the language. The author of such book was R. Lowth. It was called “ Short introduction to English grammar ”. Another group of grammarians insisted that the language should be basedon usage. J. Prestlythe rudiments to English grammar ”. He wrote about the traditions and he insisted on a completed grammar. In 1975 Lindley Murray published his book “ English grammar ”. His book was successful. At the same time lexicographists began to work at the dictionaries. They tried to fix the voc-ry. The first dictionary was Latin-English. And then appeared new dictionaries of difficult words by Robert Cowdrey and Cokerman. The most famous was the dictionary by national Bible. It was called “ Universal etiological English dictionary ”. In 1755 Johnson published “ A dictionary of the English language ” in which the words are deduced from their originals and illustrated in the different significations by examples from the best writers. It was large Oxford dictionary.


35. Struggle between 2 languages for supremacy lasted all through all 3 centuries. To the end of this period the path for the formation of a national language began to empire. The situation was still more complicated by the fact that alongside the 2 languages the third language excited namely Latin as an international language of church and medieval church science. In the later half of the 14th century victory of English became evident. French lost its position one after another, but only in the 15th century French at last disappeared from the social life of the country. In this struggle there are some important dates: the first English kings after the conquest didn’t know English at all. Hanry IV was the first king whose mother tongue was English, after the conquest Anglo-Saxon laws were first translated into Latin, then French. French was the language for teaching at school. Official documents, private letters, agreements were written in Latin. And in the 13th century there appeared letter written in French. Isolated letters in French are dated 1440. A symptom of a rise of English came in 1258, when Henry IV addressed the population of the country in a proclamation written in English. In the middle of the 14th century the influence of English rose. In 1362 parliament acting on a petition of the city of London ruled that court of law should their business in English, because French was too little known. In the same year English was used in parliament itself. The victory of English was due to the rise of social layer which spoke English. They were the gentry, the town citizens, town merchants.

 

 


Поделиться с друзьями:

mylektsii.su - Мои Лекции - 2015-2024 год. (0.007 сек.)Все материалы представленные на сайте исключительно с целью ознакомления читателями и не преследуют коммерческих целей или нарушение авторских прав Пожаловаться на материал