Vitamins

Fats

Fats in the diet are also used as a source of energy. But excessive fat in the ration is undesirable because it may lead to digestive troubles. Fats supply more heat and energy than carbohydrates. Oil bearing seeds are the main sources of fat.

Minerals

Minerals are essential for the growth of the skeleton and all body processes. About 80 per cent of the mineral matter, chiefly calcium and phosphorus is found in the skeleton. It is therefore very important to supply the young animals whose skeleton is growing rapidly with enough minerals.

Vitamins

Vitamins play an important part in the feeding of all classes of livestock. They are required in small amounts for the normal growth and health of the animals.

To be in thrifty condition farm animals are to be provided with all these substances in proper proportion.

Пояснения к тексту

1. vary in - различаться по

2. for instance - например

3. as little as - (перед цифрой) - всего лишь, только

– 42 –

4. as much as

- (перед цифрой) - целых, до

as many as

5. That is why - вот почему, поэтому

6. digestive troubles - пищеварительные расстройства

7. Oil bearing seeds - семена масличных культур

8. thrifty condition - упитанное состояние, упитанность

Запомните:

as (much) as possible - как можно (больше)

Активные слова и выражения:

Composition, substance, to receive, fat, carbohydrate, to reduce, thrifty condition, to drink (drank, drunk), as... as possible.

V. Составьте предложения, соединяя подходящие по смыслу части:

1. Roots are a. indigestible fibre

2. The feeding value of grass b. stimulate fat and milk

production

3. Roughages are not c. should be given to dairy

cows.

4. Concentrates are low in d. in small amounts.

5. Plenty of water e. high in water.

6. Proteins f. is the highest in spring.

7. Carbohydrates and fats are g. suitable for pigs.

8. Vitamins are necessary h. the sources of energy.

VI. Напишите словарные формы следующих слов:

Существительные: calves, branches, pigsties.

Прилагательные: highest, better, more, larger, earlier, easier.

Причастия: mixed, produced, fed, dried, flowering.

– 43 –

Глаголы: supplies, does, made, developed, classified.

VII. Определите функции инфинитива в следующих предложениях, переведите.

1. То obtain good gains the animals should be provided with proper feeding and management. 2. To develop properly pigs ought to be kept on good pasture. 3. To supply the young animals with minerals is very important. 4. To produce milk cows must be provided with enough carbohydrates and fats. 5. To produce 25 pounds of milk daily a cow is to be supplied with 2.5 to 3 pounds of protein in her ration. 6. It is necessary to keep the animals in thrifty condition. 7. The animals should receive all the substances in proper proportion in order to develop properly. 8. To do work the animals need carbohydrates.

VIII. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на выражение аs... as possible.

1. Hogs should be given as little roughages as possible. 2. The quality of feed should be as high as possible. 3. These animals ought to consume as much succulents as possible. 4. The soil for this experiment should be as rich as possible. 5. Farmers should use pastures as early as possible in spring.

IX. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What do feeds vary in?

2. Why should dairy cows consume plenty of water?

3. What are proteins used for?

4. How many pounds of proteins is it necessary to give a cow producing 25 pounds of milk a day?

5. What do carbohydrates supply?

6. What is energy required for?

– 44 –

7. Do fats supply less energy than carbohydrates?

8. Why are minerals essential for the young animals?

9. Are vitamins required by the animals in great amounts?

X. Переведите на английский язык.

а) жир, углевод, упитанное состояние, снижать, получать, состав, пить,

вещество, как можно выше.

б) I. Чтобы расти хорошо, животные должны получать все необходимые

вещества. 2. Давать животным все необходимые вещества очень важно.

3. Чтобы производить молоко, корова должна получать много воды и

питательных веществ. 4. Обеспечивать животных протеином необходимо.

в) 1. Так как в корнеплодах содержится много воды и мало протеина и

минеральных веществ, они должны использоваться в сочетании с грубыми и

концентрированными кормами. 2. В хорошо облиственном сене содержание

протеина может повышаться до 15-18%. 3. Состав и питательная ценность

соломы зависит от вида культуры, её уборки и многих других факторов.

4. Натуральные корма не всегда обеспечивают потребность

сельскохозяйственных животных в витаминах. 5. Чтобы получать высокие

привесы у свиней, необходимо обеспечивать их высокопитательными

кормами.

XI. Прочтите текст. Выпишите из него предложение, где говорится о том, когда нужно

давать животным больше воды, а когда меньше.

The Importance of Water for Farm Animals

Water is very important for farm animals. They should be provided with the necessary amount of water every day. The quantity of water required by the animals varies with the nature of the feed, the activity of the animal and the season as well.

- 45 –

The water content of feeds varies greatly. Roots, for instance, are about 88 per water, while hay is only 15 per cent.

Dairy cows must be supplied with large amounts of water for milk production as milk is high in water. A high-yielding dairy cow will drink as much as 8-10 gallons of water per day. In warm weather and after eating hay cows require more water than in cold weather and after eating succulent feeds.

Water given to the animals should be clean. It should not be too cold or too warm.

Повторение темы “Feeds”

I. Прочтите текст и скажите, что такое сбалансированный рацион.

Animals need food to provide themselves with heat and energy. Consuming food, animals obtain the necessary nutrients in order to live and move. Food is also necessary for the growth of the animals.

Ration is the amount of food given to the animals during 24 hours. A balanced ration is the one which provides several nutrients in such proportion and amount that will maintain the animal in thrifty condition. A balanced ration should consist of the proper proportion of roughages, succulents and concentrates.

II. Прочтите текст. Составьте план к нему по-английски.

Nutrient Substances

Cows require liberal amounts of carbohydrates. The feeds supplying carbohydrates are concentrate feeds such as oats, barley, corn, wheat, rye or any combination of these grains. The lack of such feeds will reduce the milk yields and the weight of the animal.

–46 –

High protein feeds are rather scarce and usually more expensive* than low protein feeds. Protein rich concentrates used in feeding cows are linseed meal, cottonseed meal, soy-beans and others. Roughage feeds high in protein are alfalfa and clover hay, soybean hay and growing green crops such as grass, green oats and green rye. Cows can have protein from both roughage and concentrate feeds.

The experiments have shown that the milk yield of cows may be reduced when insufficient quantities of fat are fed. In the ration cows should receive 70% of the total fat secreted during the lactation period. Oil bearing seeds are the main sources of high fat feeds.

Cows need sufficient quantities of calcium, phosphorus and iodine**. Cows not receiving sufficient minerals often reduce their milk production. Minerals may be provided by feeding cows with well balanced rations.

Cows require most of the known vitamins. These are usually supplied in sufficient amounts when good quality feeds are fed in winter and when cattle are on pasture during summer. Vitamin A is supplied largely by feeding fresh grass and clover and well-made green colour hays. Vitamin В is largely supplied by the grains and vitamin D through sunlight. Vitamin D is necessary for the proper assimilation of minerals.

* expensive - дорогой

** iodine - йод

– 47 –

Прочтите текст. Укажите № абзаца, в котором говорится:

а) o низкокачественном сене, б) о высококачественном сене.

Hау

1. This type of hay is made from very mature grass cut during July. It has not been grazed before cutting. It usually has little leaf. This type of hay should not be fed to milking cows in large amounts. Other cattle may be provided with this hay in any quantity. If dairy cows are fed with such hay concentrates should be provided for them. The amount of concentrates varies with the milk yield of a cow and the quality of the concentrate.

2. This hay may be classified as hay which is rather mature but has a good proportion of leaf. There is no need to limit greatly this type of hay. It is usually fed to appetite* but better results are obtained if not more than about 20 pounds are fed per day.

3. It is very difficult to obtain this type of hay. It should be made from young green grass which cannot be properly dried in the field. Barn hay drying allows to obtain such hay. It is as nutritious as good pasture grasses. There is no limit in feeding it. It is the forage of high digestibility. Best cows are allowed to eat this type of hay to appetite. They will eat 20 to 40 pounds and produce three and more gallons of milk without supplementary concentrates.

II. Ответьте по-русски на вопрос:

" Какое сено можно давать неограниченно? "

* to feed to appetite - давать неограниченно

– 48 –

LESSON 6

ТЕМА: CALF

ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА:

1. Самостоятельный причастный оборот, § 15

2. Формы с окончанием -ing (повторение)

3. Значения слов for, too, until

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ:

1. префикс de-

2. суффиксы -ful, - less

I. Слова и выражения для повторения.

herd, management, beef, to increase, birth, calf (calves), age, to drink, whole milk, to cause, scour, to contain, amount, quantity, hay, pasture, grass, legume, grain, exercise, root crop, to breed, a breed.

II. Переведите следующие глаголы, образованные при помощи отрицательного префикса de-, который выражает значение противоположного действия.

to increase (увеличивать) - to decrease

to mobilize (мобилизовать) - to demobilize

to compose (составлять) - to decompose

III. Переведите следующие прилагательные, образованные от существительных при помощи суффиксов -ful (выражает наличие качества) и -less (выражает отсутствие качества):

care (забота) - careful, careless

use (польза) - useful, useless

fruit (плод) - fruitful, fruitless

– 49 –

IV. Сгруппируйте слова по частям речи (существительные, прилагательные, наречия, глаголы).

elimination, consequently, confinement, dependence, homeless, successful, gradually, comparable, wide, соnsumption, dehorn, internal, normally, harmful, excellent, democratic, producer, influence, deforest, dusty, receiver, incomparable, infectious, higher, shorten, largely, unfavorable, lowest.

V. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих интернациональных слов:

to secrete, start, temperature, adaptation, rotation, lucerne, population, effectively, recommendation, combination, storm, special, factor, fact, finish

VI. Переведите предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод самостоятельного причастного оборота.

1. Feeds being nutritious, our animals grow well.

2. Roughages being high in fibre, pigs are not fed such feeds.

3. Concentrates supplying much energy, farmers should provide the animals with them.

4. It is necessary to supply dairy cows with protein, the amount varying with their productivity.

5. We raise some breeds of dairy cows, this one being the most productive.

CALF

Cattle are kept for two main purposes: beef production and milk production. The management of a dairy herd differs markedly from that of beef producing animals, for milk production is a daily process.

The life of a dairy cow may be divided into three periods.

– 50 –

The first period is the one which lasts from, the birth of a dairy calf up to about the age of 6 months. The second period lasts from 6 months until the heifer calves for the first time, usually at about 2.5 years of age. The last period is the period of the maturity of a dairy cow.

The calf being normal after birth, the cattleman should leave it with its mother. Being healthy, the calf will soon get to its feet and start nursing. The first milk, colostrum, is very important for the new-born calf. It is secreted by the cow for 4 or 5 days after calving. The calf usually sucks its dam for about a week. Then it should be put into an individual pen and taught to drink milk from a pail. Calves should be fed whole milk at the same temperature as milk from the udder of the cow, the rate being about 1 to 1.5 gallons a day. Feeding cold milk or too much milk will cause scours. Feeding at irregular intervals may cause digestive troubles too.

Calves being 3 weeks old, other feeds containing fiber should be given. All calves at this age should have access to a small amount of good-quality hay and clean water.

Whole milk is to be given until calves reach 8 to 10 weeks of age. Calves reaching this age, whole milk must be gradually decreased and skim milk or a milk substitute is given. From this age on dry feeding is increased while milk is decreased.

Calves should be turned out to pasture in spring as early as possible. Being kept on good pasture in summer, calves do not require any other additional feed. Calves being on poor grass, large amounts of hay, roots and a small amount of concentrates are necessary in addition to pasture in winter calves should receive legume or grass hay. The quantity of grain is different, depending on the quality of hay fed to the calves.

– 51 –

Young heifers reaching about 18 to 20 months of age, a careful watch is kept upon them and when they come into heat, they are bred.

Пояснения к тексту

1. up to - до

2. for the first time - в первый раз

3. skim milk - снятое молоко

4. from this age on - с этого возраста...

5. depending on - в зависимости от

6. a careful watch is kept upon them - за ними внимательно наблюдают

7. to turn out to pasture - выгонять на пастбище

8. come into heat - приходить в охоту

Запомните:

until - (союз) до тех пор, пока... не + сказ.

for - 1. (предлог) для; в течение (перед указанием периода времени)

2. (союз) так как (часто после запятой)

too - 1. тоже, также (в конце предложения)

2. слишком (перед прилагательным или наречием)

Активные слова и выражения:

to calve, colostrum, to suck, dam, pen, udder, rate, to decrease, skim milk, to turn out, to pasture, for, too, until.

VII. Выделите нестандартные глаголы и дайте их основные формы:

fatten, consume, collect, breed, use, raise, feed, provide, supply, keep, grow, milk, graze, give, increase, separate, wean, develop, require, vary with, depend on, make, contain, receive, drink, calve, nurse, suck, decrease.

– 52 –

VIII. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами:

dam, water, a pail, calves, skim milk, carbohydrates, young, colostrum, too, fats, hay.

1. The heifer usually... at about 2.5 years of age. 2. The first milk... is very important for the calf. 3. The calf usually sucks its... for about a week. 4. Then the calf begins to drink milk from.... 5. One should not give the calf... cold milk. 6. At three weeks the calf is given

some.... 7. The calf being 10 weeks old...... is given. 6. To produce milk cows need much... and nutritious feed. 9. Energy is supplied by... and.... 10. Minerals are especially required by... animals.

IX. Выделите самостоятельный причастный оборот в следующих предложениях; переведите.

1. A cow producing 25 pounds of milk, 2.5 to 3 pounds of protein must be provided in her ration. 2. Wheat straw containing large amounts of indigestible fibre, the farmers use it for bed-ding. 3. Farmers using rotational grazing, the animals eat fresh and clean grass all the time.

4. The calf being healthy at birth, whole milk from the pail was given to it on the third day.

5. Feeds are composed of many substances, some of them being required in small amounts for the growth of the animals. 6. Spring grass being high in water, cows should not eat it too much. 7. In fattening the animals are fed highly nutritious feeds, feed low in nutrients being given in small amounts. 8. Fats being supplied in large amounts, digestive troubles may take place.

9. Cattle breeders market the calves at the age of 6 or 8 weeks, the calves weighing about 200 to 300 pounds at this time.

– 53 –

X. Определите функции слов с окончанием -ing; переведите.

1. Weaning calves is usually done at the age of 8 weeks. 2. The farmers weaning calves at the age of 8 weeks receive good results. 3. This farmer weaning his calves at the age of 6 weeks, the calves grow and develop well. 4. Weaning calves at the age of 8 weeks, the farmers receive good results.

XI. Переведите предложения. Обратите внимание на значение выделенных слов.

a) 1. The calves for vealing are fed whole milk until they reach the weight of about 300 pounds.

2. Young grass should not be grazed until it is 4-3 in. (inches) high.

3. The calf usually sucks its dam until it is about a week old.

b) 1. Carbohydrates and fats are very important for the animals, for they supply most of the energy.2. The feeding value of this silage is very high, for it is made of young leafy grass.

3. Whole milk is fed to the calf for 8 or 10 weeks.

c) 1. The animals should not be given too cold water to drink.

2. This calf house is too old too.

3. Wheat straw is too high in indigestible fibre.

4. This grass is too young to pasture the cattle on it.

5. The bulls are on pasture too.

XII. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. Why does the management of a dairy herd differ from that of a beef herd?

2. How many periods may the life of a cow be divided into?

3. When does a heifer calve for the first time?

4. What is very important for the calf for the first 4 or 5 days?

5. How long does a calf suck its dam?

– 54 –

6. What may cause scours?

7. When is the feeding of whole milk decreased?

8. What feed is necessary for young calves in summer?

9. What should the calves receive in winter?

10. When are heifers bred?

XIII. Переведите на английский язык.

а) молозиво; вымя; в течение; уменьшать(ся); снятое молоко; покрывать, телиться; матка; слишком; норма; клеть; до тех пор, пока... не.

б) 1. Так как климат теплый там, скот содержат на пастбище и летом и зимой. 2. Снятое молоко содержит большое количество перевариваемого белка. Оно очень важно для поросят и телят. 3. Животновод уменьшает норму цельного молока постепенно.

4. Теленок должен сосать свою матку в течение недели после рождения.

в) 1. При выращивании молодняка задача состоит не только в том, чтобы вырастить всех рожденных телят, но и подучить высокопродуктивных животных.2. Рост и развитие телят контролируют взвешиванием, причем первое взвешивание проводят после рождения теленка, а последующие ежемесячно.3. В зависимости от условий в хозяйствах применяются различные способы выращивания телят. 4. Так как молозиво богато белками, витаминами и минеральными веществами, оно является очень важным кормом в первые дни жизни новорожденных телят. 5. Содержат телят как в индивидуальных клетках, так и группами в секциях.

– 55 –

XIV. Прочтите текст и ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. Are all cattle breeds high-productive?

2. What are the leading dairy breeds in the USA?

3. How many most commonly bred beef breeds are there in the USA?

4. What is a dual purpose breed?

Cattle Breeds

There are many breeds of both dairy and beef cattle. Some of them are high-productive. The productivity of others may be average or low.

The cattle of dairy breeds are raised by man for the production of milk which is very important for the diet of the people.

In the Northern areas of the USA the Holstein is the leading dairy breed. In the Southern states the Jersey is more popular than other dairy breeds raised there.

Beef breeds are kept not for milk but for meat. There are five most commonly bred beef breeds in the USA. Most farmers breed the Shorthorn and Hereford beef breeds of cattle.

There are also breeds which are kept for the production of both milk and meat. Such breeds are known as dual-purpose breeds. Two of them, the Red Polled and Milking Shorthorn are known as the best dual-purpose breeds of cattle in this country.

– 56 –

LESSON 9

ТЕМА: MATURE DAIRY COW

ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА:

1. Сложное подлежащее, § 7

2. Союз " unless"

3. Парный союз " the... the"

4. Отрицательное местоимение " no"

I. Слова и выражения для повторения.

Roughage, to milk, wheat bran, calving, dry, to produce, supply, kind, nutrient, weaning, age, cattle breeder, poultry, oats, to take exercise, to consume, udder, to increase, to decrease, to reduce, skim milk, one, as to, as well as, in order to, most, until.

II. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова и переведите их, не пользуясь словарем.

1. digestible, to digest, digestion, indigestible.

2. addition, to add, additional, adding, added.

3. starch, starchy.

4. water, to water, waterless, watering.

III. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих интернациональных слов:

normal, economic, herbicide, characteristic, import, procedure, local, regular, secret, national, type, instrument.

IV. Переведите предложения; обратите внимание на перевод сложного подлежащего.

1. Cattle are known to be kept for the production of meat and milk. 2. This dairy cow is said to produce much milk. 3. Calves are believed to be on pasture now. 4. Feeds are known to vary in water content.

– 57 –

5. Proteins are known to be complex substances. 6. This beef breed has been found to be the best in our region.7. Concentrates are known to be high in protein.

MATURE DAIRY СОW

The period of maturity of a dairy cow lasts from about 2.5 years onward.

The gestation period in cows is known to last about nine months. The cow in calf should be dried оff at least six weeks before calving. Dry period may vary in different cows. During this period the cow should be given plenty of roughages and some grain unless she is in good flesh or on good pasture. The more milk is drawn off from the cow's udder the more will be secreted. That is why to dry off a cow the number of milkings should be reduced to one daily at first and then she should be milked every other day.

About a week before the calving date wheat bran should be given to the pregnant cow. Bran is known to be a cooling and laxative feed. It is very desirable for the cow before calving. A warm, dry, well-bedded stall should be provided for the cow at the time of calving. Calving being normal, no assistance is required. To know when each cow is to calve one must keep a breeding record, showing when cows were bred. Accurate dates of calving may be obtained only when hand mating is practiced.

The duration of lactation has been found to vary with the age of the cow, the breed and feeding. In the case of a first calver it usually lasts about 8 to 10 months. Some high-yielding cows may produce milk for a year. The better the cow is fed and cared for, the longer is the period of lactation.

– 58 –

In preparing rations for milking cows many factors should be considered. Rations are to provide carbohydrates in a readily available form, have the proper amount of good quality protein, provide sufficient fat and mineral matter and contain the necessary vitamins. To obtain high milk yields is the aim of every cattleman. That is why they try to supply their cows with nutritious feeds. The more nutritious is the ration the more milk the dairy cows will produce. Unless dairy cows are fed the proper amount and kinds of feeds, they will not be provided with sufficient nutrients to produce high milk yields.

A dairy cow is known to require a very liberal supply of water, 3 to 4 gallons of water being needed for each gallon of milk produced by the cow.

No increase in milk yields will take place if feeding and management conditions are improper.

Пояснения к тексту

1. cow in calf, pregnant cow - стельная корова

2. dry off - запускать (корову)

3. at least - по крайней мере

4. dry period - сухостойный период, сухостой

5. to be in good flesh - быть в упитанном состоянии

6. every other day - через день

7. hand mating - ручное спаривание

8. to keep a breading record - вести зооучет

Запомнитe:

1. unless - если... не (+сказ.)

2. the + срав.степ.прилаг.... the +срав.степ.прилаг.-чем... тем

3. no - (никакой, ни один)... не (+ сказ.)

– 59 –

Активные слова и выражения:

gestation period, to dry off, pregnant, available, to mate, dry period, to keep a breeding record, number, calving, unless, the... the, no.

V.Составьте предложения, соединяя подходящие по смыслу части.

1. During six weeks before calving............... a. is needed for a dairy cow

2. The cow should be milked b. depends on the age, breed and feeding.

3. Wheat bran c. may produce as much as 2000 gallons of milk per year.

4. The period of lactation d. plenty of roughage is fed to the cow.

5. Some cows e. unless they are fed and cared for properly.

6. Liberal amount of water f. every other day before calving.

7. Cows will not produce much milk g. is very good for the cow before calving.

VI. Выберите подходящее по смыслу слово. Переведите предложения, не пользуясь словарем.

1. The cow is dried off at least six weeks before (weaning, calving, milking). 2. The (digestion, duration, gestation) period in cows lasts about nine months. 3. Good feeding (increases, decreases) milk yields. 4. Carbohydrates should be in a (valuable, available) form. 5. Ration should provide (efficient, essential, sufficient) fat and minerals. 6. Little milk is produced by the cow if feeding and management conditions are (proper, improper, properly).

– 60 –

VII. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на сложное подлежащее.

1. Drying off a cow is believed to be done at least six weeks before calving. 2. The duration of lactation of a first calver is known to last 8 months. 3. The amount of feed for a dairy cow is known to vary with the amount of milk produced by her. 4. These poultry houses are known to be provided with proper ventilation. 5. Cows are said to be kept on pasture there both in winter and in spring. 6. About 10 pounds of milk has been found to be necessary for one pound of gain. 7. The best veal is considered to be obtained by liberal feeding of whole milk. 6. The total amount of milk needed during the period of vealing is known to depend on the birth weight of the calf. 9. Hay made from young grass is considered to be better than that made from mature grass.10. Roughage feeds which are known to be high in protein are alfalfa and clover hay.

VII. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова.

a) 1. Calves will not grow well unless they are kept on good pastures. 2. Cows will not produce high milk yields unless they are supplied with sufficient carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins. 3. Unless there is enough high-quality feed, the pigs will not gain in weight properly.

b) 1. The more we take care of the animals the better they will grow. 2. The younger is the grass the better is the silage made from it. 3. The more nutritious is the feed the more suitable it is for fattening hogs. 4. The higher is the milk yield of the cow the greater should be the amount of protein in her ration.

– 61 –

c) 1. No animal will live without water. 2. No cows will produce much milk unless they are fed properly. 3. No calves were pastured yesterday because it was very cold. 4. No grass will grow well on this soil.

IX. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. When should the cow be dried off?

2. Why should the number of milkings be reduced?

3. What is given to the cow a week before calving?

4. What does the duration of lactation vary with?

5. What should rations for dairy cows provide?

6. Under what conditions will the cow produce much milk?

7. How many gallons of water are required for each gallon of milk produced by the cow?

X. Переведите на английский язык.

а) запускать корову, период беременности, отел, сухостойный, период, чем выше... тем лучше, сухостойная корова, количество (число), если... не, доступный, ручное спаривание, вести зооучет.

б) 1. Молочные коровы, как известно, потребляют много воды. 2. Коровы дают мало молока, если они не обеспечены хорошим кормом. 3. Сухостойный период, как известно, длится 6 недель. 4. В течение периода беременности коровам дают много грубых кормов.

в) 1. У крупного рогатого скота молочная продуктивность, как известно, считается наиболее важным видом продуктивности. 2. Важно получить не только высокую молочную продуктивность у коров, но и высококачественное молоко с большим количеством в нем жира, белка и других фракций. 3. Чем больший удой планируют получить от сухостойных коров, тем более обильно их кормят.

– 62 –

4. Концентраты, обеспечивающие коров необходимыми питательными веществами, скармливаются молочным коровам во время доения. 5. Имеется много примеров, когда под влиянием улучшенного кормления и содержания удои целых стад намного увеличивались.

XI. Прочтите текст и изложите кратко его содержание по-русски (по-английски).

Feeding a Dairy Cow

A cow producing a large amount of milk needs more food than a low-milking cow. One should feed a heavy-yielding cow properly or she may lower her weight and will produce less milk. The rations for a dairy cow depend on the amount of milk produced by the cow and her live weight. Milk cow rations should be properly balanced. They should include sufficient quantities of carbohydrates, protein, minerals and vitamins. Cows receiving improperly balanced rations, the milk yields will be decreased.

In spring and early summer when there is plenty of green grass no supplementary feed is necessary even for high-yielding cows. Later in summer when grass becomes scarce and indigestible some supplementary feed is required.

In winter high-quality hay, silage and root crops are the main feeds for dairy cows. Concentrates are supplied, depending on the quality of milk produced by the cow.

– 63 –

LESSON 10

ТЕМА: BULL MANAGEMENT

ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА:

1. Инфинитив как часть сказуемого с глаголом " to be", § 5

2. Условные предложения, § 17

3. Значения слов " after, before, since"

I. Слова и выражения для повторения.

bull, rate, hay, amount, paddock, herd, fat, pound, to be in thrifty condition, available, to breed, healthy, to eat, silage, straw, content, valuable, to receive, to care, to keep, to light, too, to cause, to fatten, hogs, supplementary, ought to.

II. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова, и переведите их, не пользуясь словарем.

1. valuable, to value, value, valueless, valued, valuer, unvalued.

2. to eat, eaten, eatable, eater, uneatable.

3. to keep, keeping, keeper, kept.

4. to use, the use, using, used, useful, useless, user.

III. Переведите предложения, обратите внимание на перевод глагола " to be" перед инфинитивом.

должен

is to

состоит в том, чтобы

1. Our aim is to increase milk yields.

2. Good feeding is to increase milk yields.

3. The best practice i s to dry off cows six weeks before calving.

– 64 –

4. Colostrum is to be given to new-born calves. 5. In summer cattle are to be kept on pasture.

6. Our plan is to grow legumes on this soil.

IV. Переведите следующие предложения с условными придаточными.

если (+ will или shall)

if

если бы (+ would или should)

1. If cold milk is given to new-born calves, it will cause scours. 2. If cold milk were given to new-born calves, it would cause scours. 3. Pigs will develop well if they are fed nutritious feeds. 4. Pigs would develop well if they were fed nutritious feeds. 5. If we grow legumes, we shall have a good feed in winter. 6. If we grew legumes, we should have a good feed in winter. 7. Pigs would have grown better if they had been kept on pasture.

BULL MANAGEMENT

Bulls of both dairy and beef breeds are seldom allowed to run with the cow herds during the entire year. After the breeding season is over they ought to be separated from the herd.

The best way of keeping the bull is to build a small barn with an adjoining paddock or pastures on 1 to 2 acres where he can exercise. The barn should be equipped with a stanchion to fasten the bull when it is necessary. Manger and water-supply are to be provided as well. The bull may be also kept in a box-stall inside the barn used for all the herd. Being kept in this way, the bull may be fed and cared for with the rest of the herd. The barn should be well lighted and ventilated. It should be thoroughly cleaned every day.

– 65 –

If the bull is fed enough but not too liberally he will always be in vigorous condition but not fat. He should be provided with high-quality roughages such as legume or mixed hay and small amounts of silage. From five to ten pounds of grain mixture may be needed to keep the bull in thrifty condition. Salt and clean, fresh water should be available at all times.

The aim of every breeder is to have a large, healthy and vigorous sire in the herd. If the bulls were not fed well balanced rations and if they were not provided with enough exercise, they would become too weak during the breeding season. Increased rates of feeding are to be provided for the bull for a month before the breeding season begins and during it to keep him in good breeding condition. It is advisable to use only purebred bulls, since they are known to transmit their characteristics to the calves.

In large herds some bulls are allowed to run with the cows. It is recommended, however, to separate the cows into groups of 25 to 30 and to provide one bull for each group. The smaller is the number of the cows in a group the better, since the percentage of mating will be higher in this case. If the number of cows were very great, the percentage of mating would be rather low and this is not profitable for the breeders.

Пояснения к тексту

1. breeding season - случной период

2. to be over - заканчиваться

3. the rest of the herd - остальное стадо

4. breeding condition - заводская кондиция,

заводская упитанность

– 66 –

Запомните:

after - 1. после (предлог)

2. после того как (союз)

before - 1. до, перед (предлог)

2. до того как; перед тем как (союз)

since - так как

Активные слова и выражения:

breeding season, barn, stanchion, box-stall, salt, fresh, vigorous, sire, purebred, to allow, profitable, breeding condition, after, before, since.

V. Определите, какой частью речи являются выделенные слова в следующих предложениях; переведите.

1. All the calves are on pasture now. 2. This heifer calves for the first time. 3. There is a lot of pasture land in our region. 4. The cattle pasture on the largest paddock. 5. The herd bull ought to be large, healthy and vigorous. 6. They have a big herd of dairy cows. 7. We are speaking about the reasons of the decrease in milk yields. 8. When calves reach 8 weeks of age the rates of feeding milk decrease.

VI. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значение глагола " to be" перед инфинитивом.

1. Their plan is to raise potatoes after clover. 2. This farm is to raise corn here. 3. The best practice is to keep the bull separately from the herd. 4. The bull is not to run with the herd during the entire year. 5. His aim is to clean the barn thoroughly. 6. He is to clean the barn thoroughly. 7. Small amounts of silage are to be given to the sire.

– 67 –

VII. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на условные предложения.

1. If bulls take enough exercise, they are usually in vigorous condition. 2. If bulls took enough exercise, they would be in vigorous condition. 3. If roughages were not high in fibre they would be used in fattening hogs. 4. If cows were on good pasture, they would not be provided with supplementary feed. 5. High beef production will be achieved on this farm if cattle are fed more nutritious feeds. 6. No assistance will be required if calving is normal. 7. No assistance would have been required if calving had been normal. 8. If the bull were fed too liberally, he would be too fat during the breeding season. 9. If we kept the calves on pasture, we should obtain better results.

VIII. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение выделенных слов.

а) 1. The barn should be cleaned and ventilated before putting the calves into it.

2. The barn had been cleaned and ventilated before the calves were put into it.

3. After the calves had pastured they were fed high quality hay.

4. The cows were turned out to pasture after the calves.

b) 1. Paddock is necessary for the bull, for he is to take exercise there.

2. The stanchion should be provided in the box-stall, since it is sometimes necessary to fasten the bull.

3. As this bull takes a lot of exercise, he is vigorous and healthy.

4. No supplementary feed is given to the cows, since they are kept on good, young grass.

– 68 –

VIII. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. Are bulls usually allowed to run with the cow herd during the entire year?

2. When are bulls separated from the herd?

3. What is the best way of keeping the bull?

4. Where can the bull take exercise?

5. What is it necessary to have in the barn?

6. How should the bull be fed?

7. When are increased rates of feeding provided?

8. What kind of bulls is it desirable to use in herds?

9. For how many cows is one bull usually provided?

X. Переведите на английский язык.

a) чистокровный производитель, заводская кондиция, привязь, случной период, выгон, выгодный, разрешать, сильный, соль, сарай, так как.

б) 1. Быка нужно кормить хорошо перед случным периодом.2. Наша цель состоит в том, чтобы иметь сильного чистокровного производителя.3. Количество коров в группе не должно быть больше 30. 4. Летом коровам разрешают быть на пастбище все время.

в) 1. Производители будут находиться в заводской упитанности, если будет увеличено содержание белка в их рационе и улучшена минеральная и витаминная питательность корма. 2. В скотоводческих хозяйствах нашей страны существуют два способа содержания крупного рогатого скота: беспривязное содержание и содержание на привязи. 3. При беспривязном содержании подстилку, как известно, меняют 1-2 раза в год. 4. Задача скотоводов в летний период состоит в том, чтобы содержать скот на хоро- шем пастбище большую часть дня.

– 69 –

5. При любой системе содержания быки должны иметь достаточный моцион и соответствующее кормление и уход.

XI. Прочтите текст. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по-английски (по-русски).

1. What are the two systems of using bulls?

2. How should bulls be fed?

Systems of Bull Use and Management

There are different systems of the management of a herd bull. Sometimes bulls are allowed to run with the cows during the breading season, the number of them depending on the number of the cows in the herd.

Some farmers keep their herd bulls in a small barn, turning them out to the paddock adjoining the barn to take exercise. During the breeding season the cows that are to be mated are brought to the bull. This system of breeding is found to be a better one because it allows to have accurate dates of calving. In this case the breeders know when each cow is to calve.

Under both systems of management the bull ought to be fed and cared for properly. To give the bull legume hay and some grain is necessary in order to keep him in breeding condition. Silage should not be given to the bull in large amounts.

– 70 –

LESSON 11

ТЕМА: FATTENING CATTLE

ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА:

1. Инфинитив в функции определения, § 6

2. Формы с окончанием -ing (повторение)

3. Временные формы глагола (повторение)

4. Союз " provided"

5. Наречия " like, unlike"

I. Слова и выражения для повторения.

to fatten, quality, mature, whole milk, meat, gain, to raise, grains, wheat, barley, corn, nutritious, legume, grass, to increase, quantity, to depend on, to weigh, high in, low in, most, succulent, silage, both... and, per day, veal, to graze, age.

II. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих интернациональных слов:

system, method, expert, fermentation, reserve, transformation, microflora, maximum, minimum, temperament, biologist, instructor.

III. Переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на инфинитив как определение.

1. The feed to be given to the calves is of high quality. 2. The cowshed to be built next year will be very big. 3. These are the hogs to be fattened. 4. We spoke about the method to be used

–

– 71 –

in our work. 5. The amount of feed to be fed to the dairy cow varies with the amount of milk produced by her. 6. The farmers to raise this new breed of pigs should consult the zoo technician.

IV. Прочтите следующие слова. Обратите внимание на их произношение и значение.

though -хотя

thorough - тщательный

thoroughly - тщательно

through - через

throughout - на всем протяжении, повсюду

thought - (прошедшее время и причастие прошедшего времени от глагола think - думать)

FATTENING CATTLE

Unlike dairy cattle beef animals may do well with very little care. But like all other animals they are healthier and produce higher quality beef, provided they are properly fed and managed.

Best beef breeds are known to be those that mature early, are fattened rapidly and whose quality of meat is high.

The fattening of cattle is a common practice on farms where beef cattle are bred and corn is raised. Some other grain crops are suitable for feeding beef cattle as well. They are wheat, barley and sorghum.

There are many different systems of fattening beef cattle. The method to be used depends on many factors. Some of them are the region, the age of the cattle to be fattened, the quality of pasture to be used and others.

The system of fattening on grass is mainly practised in regions where pasture provides most of the feed throughout the year. In recent years the use of pasture in fattening cattle has been increased in the United States.

– 72 –

Even in areas where winter grazing is possible, reserves of hay or other roughages or some concentrates to be fed during the periods of drought or unfavorable winter weather should be provided. Pasture and other roughages should be both high in quality and sufficient in quantity to maintain the rate of gain of 1 pound or more per day.

There are many farmers who follow another method of fattening cattle. Cattle are kept on good pasture up to midseason. Then they are properly fed dry feeds for 3 or 4 months. They are to be supplied with legume or mixed hay, shelled corn or other grains and sometimes high-protein feed. This system is known as fattening in the dry lot. Having been fattened by this method cattle will be in fair flesh, provided they are supplied with highly nutritious and high-quality feeds.

Unlike the system of fattening cattle on pasture, the system of fattening in the dry lot is more effective though it is a more expensive one.

Пояснения к тексту

1. do well (better, best) - хорошо расти

2. shelled corn - лущеная кукуруза

3. fattening in the dry lot - откорм на сухих кормах

4. fair flesh - упитанное состояние

Запомните:

like - подобно

unlike - в отличие от

provided - 1. II и III формы глагола to provide - обеспечивать

2. (союз) в том случае, если; при условии, если

– 73 –

Активные слова и выражения:

favourable, weather, to follow, to fatten in the dry lot, fair flesh, provided, like, unlike.

V. Дополните предложения по смыслу.

1. Cows are kept in cowsheds, and pigs in.... 2. Dairy and beef cows and bulls are known as.... 3. We breed cows for milk and meat, sheep for... and... and poultry for... and.... 4. There are two main systems of fattening beef cattle: fattening on pasture and fattening.... 5. In fattening cattle in the dry lot one should use the feeds of high....

VI. Составьте предложения, соединяя подходящие по смыслу части.

1. Beef cattle a. are suitable for fattening

beef cattle.

2. The quality of meat b. is a popular method now.

3. Corn, wheat and sorghum c. is of high quality

4. Fattening on grass d. should be provided during

unfavourable winter weather.

5. Climate in this region e. require less care than dairy

cattle.

6. The hay to be fed f. allows to keep cattle on pasture all the year round.

7. Reserves of roughages g. of this breed is high.

VII. В следующих предложениях выделите инфинитивные и причастные oбoрoты служащие определением; переведите.

1. We spoke about the method of fattening cattle used in their region. 2. We spoke about the method of fattening cattle to be used in their region. 3. The cow to be examined by the veterinarian is being milked now. 4. The farmers feeding beef cattle high-quality legume

– 74 –

hay always have good results. 5. Cows to be dried off should be milked once daily. 7. The box-stall to be used as a calving pen should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. 8. The factors increasing milk production are well known now. 9. Milk yields obtained from this cow are very high.

VIII. Определите функции слов с окончанием -ing; переведите.

1. Farmers following the method of fattening beef cattle in the dry lot must grow different grain and legume crops. 2. Farmers following the method of fattening beef cattle on pasture, less care for the cattle is required. 3. Feeding the cattle good-quality legume or mixed hay, farmers obtain a lot of meat of high quality. 4. Good-quality roughages being fed to the cattle, the rate of gain of 1 lb. per day will be maintained. 5. A small barn with an adjoining paddock is a good place for keeping the bull. 6. They are discussing the problem of feeding the cattle in winter. 7. Increasing the rates of feeding the bull is necessary before the breeding season. 6. The feeding of calves is a very important problem.

IX. Определите время и залог сказуемого в следующих незаконченных предложениях. Переведите их и дополните соответствующими обстоятельствами.

1. They have cleaned.... 2. They have been cleaned.... 3. They have to clean.... 4. They have to be cleaned.... 5. They would clean if.... 6. They would be cleaned if.... 7. They are to clean.... 8. It is to be cleaned.... 9. They will clean.... 10. They will be cleaned.... 11. They clean.... 12. They are cleaned.... 13. They are cleaning.... 14. They are being cleaned.... 15. They had been cleaned before.... 16. They ought to be cleaned....

– 75 –

X. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значение выделенных слов.

1. Cows will produce high milk yields, provided they are fed and cared for properly. 2. During the dry period the cows are provided with plenty of roughages. 5. Roots provide good rations for sheep and cattle, provided they are used together with hay or straw. 4. Unlike roughages succulent feeds are high in water content. 5. Unlike the other nutrients vitamins are required by the animals in small amounts. 6. Like carbohydrates fats supply energy and heat. 7. Silage like green grass is of high feeding value.

XI. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What beef breeds are the best?

2. On what farms is the fattening of cattle a common practice?

3. What are the two main systems of fattening beef cattle?

4. Where is the system of fattening on grass practiced?

5. Why is it necessary to have reserves of hay or other roughages in areas where winter grazing is possible?

6. Which system of fattening is more effective?

XII. Переведите на английский язык.

а) в отличие от; откорм на сухих кормах; придерживаться другого метода; норма привеса; благоприятные погодные условия; подобно; при условии, если.

б) 1. Кукуруза широко используется при откорме скота. 2. Сено, которое предстоит скормить молочным коровам, очень хорошее.3. Высококачественные корма, используемые при откорме, снижают время откорма. 4. Фермеры, использующие высокопитательные корма при откорме, получают мясо высокого качества.

в) 1. Цель откорма - увеличить количество мяса и улучшить его качество. 2. При откорме молодых животных протеина требуется больше на единицу веса, чем при откорме взрослых животных.

– 76–

3. Рационы для крупного рогатого скота должны быть сбалансированы по содержанию клетчатки, что достигается добавлением в них грубых кормов. 4. Не следует давать слишком много зерна в начале периода откорма. 5. Скот нужно обеспечивать минеральной добавкой, при условии, если его содержат на пастбище с низким содержанием основных минеральных веществ.

XIII. Прочтите текст и, исходя из его содержания, определите, какие из следующих утверждений ошибочны; внесите в них необходимые исправления.

1. Earley maturing breeds are best suited for veal production.

2. After weaning the calf is given 3-4 pounds of whole milk

for ten days.

3. Good pasture should be provided for the calves.

4. During the fattening period the calves should be given little salt.

Veal Production

Veal is produced by the intensive feeding of calves. It is best to use early maturing breeds. Calves are liberally fed milk and milk substances. А calf needs 3 to 4 pounds of whole milk daily for the first day or two after it is weaned. When calves are a month old concentrates are introduced. The amount of concentrates is increased with the age of the animals. Calves should be provided with good pasture as soon as possible. If pasture is not available when calves are a month old, they may be fed succulent feeds, as silage, for instance. In winter the rations of calves include legume hay, silage and concentrates. Salt and clean fresh water should be available for all rations at all times.

–77 –

Повторение темы " Cattle".

I. Прочтите текст. Ответьте по-русски на следующие вопросы:

1. В каких случаях следует отнимать мясного теленка рано? 2. Чем кормят телят в возрасте одного месяца?

Beef calves generally need little attention when they are with their mothers on good pasture. A few days after birth, however, it is often best to take calves away from their mothers if the cows are to be milked. The calf should have its own mother's milk for 4 or 5 days. Then it may drink milk from a pail.

A calf needs 3 to 4 pounds of whole milk daily for the first day or two after it is weaned. Sometimes a calf does not drink from a pail. When this takes place one should not feed the calf until it gets hungry. When the calf gets hungry* it will drink milk readily.

Skim milk may be given to the calf when it is two weeks old. If skim milk is low in vitamin A it is necessary to provide the calf with the feed rich in this vitamin until it begins to eat hay, silage or grass.

Calves should be turned out to pasture as soon as possible. If pasture is not available when calves are a month old, a growing crop may be cut and fed to them. A small quantity of silage may be fed until pasture is available.

II. Прочтите текст. Озаглавьте абзацы по-английски /по-русски/.

DAIRY FARMING

Dairying is one of the most important branches of agriculture.

*hungry – голодный

– 78 –

One reason for the importance of dairying is the high nutritive value of dairy products. Milk is one of the best sources of calcium, the mineral which is so essential for the growth of the skeleton of the animals. High-quality milk also contains considerable quantity of phosphorus and iron*. Milk is a good source of vitamins A, D and B₁. Different dairy products are obtained by man from milk.

On dairy farms farmers grow grain crops, grasses and legumes in rotations. Dairy cows use large quantities of forage and at the same time help to maintain soil fertility.

III. Прочтите текст. Ответьте по-английски на вопрос: " What feeds are rich in almost all necessary nutrients"?

Feeding Dairy Cattle

Nutritious pasture grasses, hay and silage are the most economical sources of nutrients for dairy cattle.

Thirteen mineral elements are necessary for the health, growth and reproduction of all animals. These minerals are calcium, chlorine, cobalt, copper, iodine, iron*, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur and zinc.

Even the best forages do not contain enough sodium and chlorine. Salt is fed to correct this deficiency.

Some forages are deficient in calcium and phosphorus. Mineral mixture should be fed in this case to provide the cattle with the necessary amount of calcium and phosphorus.

Dairy cows must have forage high in carotene to produce milk rich in vitamin A. Green grasses and legumes from fertile pastures provide all the carotene that dairy cows need.

*iron - железо

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For the most economical milk production about 80 percent of the nutrients required by dairy cows should come from green forage, hay and silage. High-producing herds need grain and protein concentrates in addition to forages.

In planning rations for dairy cattle one must select feeds that provide sufficient amounts of the necessary nutrients. One should provide enough carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, vitamins and water.

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Fоr the winter ration, legume hay should be the main roughage feed. Good-quality hay is leafy and green in color. Silage is a good roughage for winter feeding. Corn silage is low in protein but it provides carbohydrates for energy. Grass crops and legumes are also used to make silage. Legume silage is higher in protein than either grass or corn silage. If low-protein hay such as timothy hay is fed, a grain mixture must be fed to provide increased protein. High-producing cows require more protein than low-producing ones. Feed the grain mixture to each cow in the herd in proportion to the milk produced by her.

Good pasture is the best feed for dairy cows. Pasture grasses provide cows with vitamin A. Pasture is also desirable because it is an economical form of feed. Even when pastures are good, high-producing cows need some grain. When pastures become scarce additional nutrients can be provided by feeding silage and hay.

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V. Прочтите текст. Укажите № абзаца, в котором говорится: а) почему выгодна загонная система выпаса, б) о стойловом содержании скота.

Management of Cattle on Pasture

1. Grazing normally begins in spring when pastures have dried up to some extent and when the growth of the grass is sufficient to begin grazing.

2. It is generally beat to give the cattle a good feed of hay or oat straw in the morning before turning them out to pasture for the first time. Sometimes cattle are turned out for 3 or 4 hours during the day time for the first week.

3. Large fields are better divided into smaller areas and grazed either by smaller groups of cattle in each or by the rotational grazing system, when the whole herd is put into one enclosure for a week or 10 days and then moved to the next one. By such grazing each area is heavily grazed and manure is concentrated upon it.

4. In late summer and autumn the grass becomes scarce and the cattle should be provided with hay or various green succulents such as maize, cabbage, roots and others. It is important to begin giving supplementary feeding in time, for cattle may loose their weight before supplementary feeding starts.

5. For cattle of each class there are certain common principles of barn management. Cattle, especially young stock, should be provided with a dry, light and well-bedded barn.

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Good bedding provides a comfortable bed for the cattle, keeps them clean and absorbs the liquid manure. A clean and adequate water supply is of the greatest importance. The more concentrated ration is the more water is required. Regularity in the time of feeding is very important.