What is the skeleton composed of? 96

One of the main partial of the skeleton is bones. The skeleton consists of the vertebral column, the scull, the sternum and the thoracic and pelvic limbs. The main bones which form the skeleton are the scull the vertebral column which consists of vertebrae, the ribs, the scapular, the clavicles and the sternum which form the thoracic cavity, and the pelvic bones. The femur, the tibia and the fibula are bones form the lower extremities.

What is the structure of the legs? 68 A leg is a weight bearing and locomotive structure, usually having a columnar shape. During locomotion, legs function as " extensible struts".^[1] The combination of movements at all joints can be modeled as a single, linear element capable of changing length and rotating about an omnidirectional " hip" joint.

The components depend on the animal. In humans and other mammals, a leg includes the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, nerves, and skin. In insects, the leg includes most of these things, except that insects have an exoskeleton that replaces the function of both the bones and the skin.

Sometimes the end of the leg, or foot, is considered part of the leg; other times it is considered separate. Similarly, the hip joint or other place where the leg attaches to the main body may be considered separate or part of the leg.

What is zoonosis? 184 Animals, domesticated or wild, can be a source of human illness. Such diseases, transmitted between animals and man, are often referred to as zoonoses.

What kind of disease is psoroptose of neat cattle? 126 Psoroptose of neat cattle is an infectious disease. The disease is clinically revealed in herds after the establishment of stable cold spell and the arrangement of stalled keeping of cattle.

What kinds of animals are susceptible to rabies virus? 164 Both wild and domesticated animals can spread the rabies virus. The following animals are the main sources of rabies infection in humans:

dogs

bats

ferrets

cats

cows

goats

horses

rabbits

beavers

coyotes

foxes

monkeys

raccoons

skunks

woodchucks

What kinds of anthrax are there? 174 Pulmonary (respiratory or inhalation) anthrax. Gastrointestinal (gastroenteric) anthrax. Cutaneous (skin) anthrax.

What materials easily soak through the capillary walls? 51 Food materials easily soak or diffuse through the capillary walls and the living cells surrounding the capillaries select what they want.

What means of treatment is applied? 138 As specific means of treatment of a plague of dogs serum is applied.

What measures should be recommended? 179 Chlorine dioxide has emerged as the preferred biocide against anthrax- contaminated sites having been employed in the treatment of numerous government buildings over the past decade.

What measures should be recommended? 183 Two fundamental preventative programs are maintaining good nutrition and reducing stress in the sheep. Common forms of preventive medication for sheep are vaccinations and treatments for parasites

What measures should be taken to prevent infectious diseases? 3 Farm animals are susceptible to various infectious diseases and may suffer from viruses and harmful bacteria, so animals should be examined by veterinary surgeons regularly in order to notice disease symptoms in time and take the necessary preventive and control measures. Farmers and veterinary surgeons to prevent the spread of infectious diseases such as anthrax, bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, canine distemper, and rabies should use vaccination and immunization, sanitary measures, and the severe segregation, or quarantine of sick animals. Sanitary control of animal housing and proper pasture management are to eliminate any carriers of animal infectious diseases, which can be easily transmitted by water and soil.

What muscles do you know? What are their functions? 94 The muscles are divided into somatic and vegetative. The muscular system consists of muscles which contract and move the limbs. The locomotor-apparatus consists of three system: osseous, muscular and ligamentous.

What must a veterinary surgeon’s training include? 4 A veterinary surgeon’s training must include the study of the basic preclinical disciplines of anatomy, histology, physiology, pharmacology, microbiology, bacteriology, virology, parasitology, and pathology. The clinical subjects of study may be divided into internal medicine, preventive medicine, surgery and clinical practice. Internal medicine includes the diagnosis and treatment of diseases as they affect animals. Preventive medicine should consider the aspects of disease prevention and control, especially such diseases that can be transmit- ted between animals and humans or diseases that may influence human health. Surgery includes wound treatment, fracture repair, the excision of body parts and the use of such techniques as radiology, anesthesiology, obstetrics, treatment of lameness, etc.

What must be controlled or prevented by veterinary surgeons? 2 Such common animal diseases as mastitis, brucellosis, swine fever, anthrax, and leptospirosis can quickly spread and cause major losses among stock animals, so they must be controlled or prevented by veterinary surgeons.

Vaccination and immunization, sanitary measures, and the severe segre- gation, or quarantine of sick animals should be used by farmers and veterinary surgeons to prevent the spread of infectious diseases such as anthrax, bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, canine distemper, and rabies. Sanitary control of animal housing and proper pasture management are to eliminate any carriers of animal infectious diseases which can be easily transmitted by water and soil.

What organs does it include? 24 Urogenital system consists of urinarius and genital system. The main excretory organs are the kidneys, the ureters, the urethra and the urinary bladder. The female's genital system consists of genital glands called the ovaries; the male's genital system con- sists of testes. The female's deferent tracts are the oviducts, the uterus, the vagina, the urogenital entrance. The male's deferent tracts are the epididymis, the deferent duct and the urogenital canal.

What organs does the horse's respiratory system consist of? 93 The organs the horses of respiratory system are the nasal cavity, the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, the bronchi, the lungs and the diaphragm. They breathe with their lungs.

What organs form the digestive system and where are they contained? 107 The digestive system look like in the oral cavity, in the thoracic cavity and in the abdominal cavity. Digestion begins in the mouth. From the mouth food passes into the esophagus which is in the thoracic cavity. Food passes into the stomach and the intestines through the esophagus where food is further digested. The liver, the spleen and the gall-bladder also take part in the process of digestion.

What organs form the digestive system? 111 Head gut (the oral cavity and the pharynx), the frontal intestine or the esophagus-gastral canal (the esophagus and the stomach), small intestine (the empty and twisted intestine, the duodenum), large intestine (the blind intestine, the segmented intestine and the straight intestine).

What organs of the animal body can you name? 30The main parts of the animal body are the head, the trunkand the pelvicand thoracic limbs. The head is connected with the trunk by the neck.

A body system consists of a number of organs which work together to carry out a special job.

There are two types of internal organs according to structure: soft parenchymatous organs – lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, genital organs and hollow tubular organs – intestine, trachea, bronchi, ureters

The organs of senses are the eyes, the ears, the nose and the tongue.

The main organs of respiration are the nasal cavity, the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, the bronchi, the lungs and the diaphragm.

What organs of the mouth does the horse have? 91 1. The mouth contains the teeth which are set in the gums, the tongue, the hard and the soft palate, the tonsils and the throat, saliva glands. The margins of the mouth are the lips. The jaw form the framework of the mouth.

What prevention and measures should be recommended? 169 Dry cultural inactivated vaccine of BNIITIBP and AZVI antirabic vaccine are used for rabies prevention and postinfectious vaccination with exception of dogs. In 1973 World Health Organization recommended inactivated antirabic vaccine as the most adequate for rabies prevention and treatment with animals. In our country inactivated ethanol VGNKI is used. All animals are killed, and their cadavers are destroyed (cremated).

What sciences is anatomy connected with? 12 To understand the structure of the organism in light of the connection between form and function, anatomy uses the data of physiology. Anatomy is also related closely to histology, the science of tissues, particularly to the branch of histology known as microscopic anatomy. Histology and cytology, the science of the cell, are considered independent branches of science.

What shapes of dog tail do you know? 85 Tail is continuance of the vertebra. The types of dog tail are: 1. ring; 2. sickle; 3. screw; 4. docked; 5. plume; 6. otter; 7. curled; 8. gay; 9. double curl; 10. snap; 11. whip.

What should people do it they have a sick animal? 139 To strengthen the body's defenses advisable to use bracing means. Vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, E, C and PP can be used in the form of pills and injections. Feeding dogs sick with plague, should be high, with the set of all available vitamins and held at a certain time.

What should the patients do if they have salmonellosis? 151 Most people don't need to seek medical attention for a salmonella infection because it clears up on its own within a few days. However, in cases involving infants, young children, and older or immunocompromised adults, call your doctor if the illness lasts more than a few days, is associated with high fever or bloody stools, or appears to be causing dehydration.

If you make an appointment with your doctor, it's a good idea to prepare for it.

Salmonella infection can be detected by testing a sample of your stool. However, most people have recovered from their symptoms by the time the test results return.

If your doctor suspects that you have a salmonella infection in your bloodstream, he or she may suggest testing a sample of your blood for the bacteria. And you get treatment.