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The verb






1. The general characteristics of English verbs.

2. Grammatically relevant semantic subclasses of English verbs.

The verb as a notional (знаменательная) of speech has the categorial meaning of dynamic process which includes not only actions as such (to build), but also states (to become), different types of attitude or feelings (to like) etc. Another words the verb denotes dynamic properties (динамические характеристики признаки) of substance. Formally or morphologically the verb is characterized by a specific set of word – building affixes (to re read, to wid en (расширять), to activ ate). The verb is usually treated as the most complex part of speech because it has more word - changing categories than any other notional part speech. It is changed according to the categories of tense, aspect (категория вида), voice (залог), mood (наклонение), person (лицо) and number.

Such a wide range of forms is mainly due to the importance of the function that the verb performs in the sentence: its primary (основная) function is that of a predicate. This syntactic function is the central organizing member of the sentence because it is characterized by the greatest syntactic valency (валентность) among all other syntactic function. The complexity of the verb (сложность глагола) is always manifested (проявляется) in the system of its grammatically relevant subclasses.

On the upper level all the verbs according to semantic value fall into two subclasses:

1. Notional verbs (смысловые глаголы) and functional (служебные) (semi functional - полуслужебные) verbs. Notional verbs have full nominative value: they are independent in the expression of the process (to read, to work etc). Functional and semi functional verbs have partial (частичные) nominative value: they are depended on other words in the denotation of the process (must).

1.1. Functional and semi functional verbs are further subdivided into a number of groups:

1.1.1. Auxiliary (вспомогательные) are used to build analytical grammatical forms of notional verbs. For example, have done, will write etc.

1.1.2. Link verbs (глагол связки) connect the nominative part of the predicate (или по другому the predicative – именная часть сказуемого) with the subject. For example, He is a student, He grew pale (он побледнел). The semi functional link verbs should be distinguished (должны быть выделены) from homonymous notional verbs. For example, The flower grew quickly.

1.1.3. Modal verbs denote various attitudes of the subject towards the action or process. For example, ability (can), obligation (must), permission (may), advisability (should) etc.

The subdivision of verbs into notional and functional (semi functional) is grammatically relevant since the verbs of the two subclasses perform different syntactic functions: notional verbs function as predicates, functional and semi functional verbs as parts of predicate.

1.2. Notional verbs are subdivided into several groups:

1.2.1. On the basis of subject – process relations notional verb are subdivided into actional (глаголы действия) and statal verbs (глаголы состояния). Actional verbs denote the actions performed by the subject as an active doer. For example, to look, to build. Statal verbs denote various states of the subject or present the subject as the recipient of some activity. For example, to love, to see, to enjoy. The difference between actional and statal verbs is grammatically relevant because actional verbs take the form of the continuous aspect freely and statal verbs are normally used in indefinite (simple) form in the same contexts. For example, What are you looking at or What do you see.

1.2.2. Another subdivision is based on the aspective meaning of notional verbs which exposes (выражает, проявляет) the inner (внутренний) character of the process or its mode of realization. Limitive verbs (предельные глаголы) present a process as potentially limited another words the process is not able to exist beyond some border point (процесс не может реализовываться за пределами какого- то ограничителя). For example, to come, to bring, to sit down etc. Unlimitive (durative) (непредельные) verbs present the process as potentially not limited by any border point. For example, to go, to carry, to sit. But many English verbs can present the action as either limitive or unlimitive in different context. For example, to build, to laugh, Don’t laugh it is an important matter (unlimitive use) or He laughed and left the room (limitive use). The aspective subdivision of the verbs is closely connecting with the previous one: limitive verbs can be only actional while unlimitive verbs denote both action and states. It is also grammatically relevant for the expression of the grammatical category of aspect.

1.2.3. The next subdivision of the notional verbs is based on their combinability features (сочетаемые характеристики) or the valency (валентность – способность какой то единицы образовывать связи с другими). On the bases of combinability verbs are divided into transitive (транзитивные или переходные) and intransitive (непереходные). Transitive verbs denote an action directed toward a certain object (действие направлено обязательно на какой то объект). In a sentence they are obligatorily used with a direct object (обязательно прямое дополнение). For example, He wrote a letter. Intransitive verbs cannot be used with a direct object. For example, He slept for two hours. The notion of valency (понятие валентности) implies (подразумевает) some other characteristics the valency may be either obligatory (required - обязательная) or optional (permitted - необязательная). The obligatory valence (elements which correlate (соотносятся) with the verbs are called “complement” (комплементы), and the verb itself is called “complementive” (комплементарные)). Without a complement a syntactic construction is grammatically and semantically incomplete, for example, He takes… (многоточие подразумевает что должен стоять комплемент которые сочетается с глаголом). The optional valence (необязательные валенты) are called “supplements” (дополнения) and the verb is called “supplementive” (саплементарный глагол). It can be used with or without a supplement, for example, They are singing a song or They are singing.

Лекция 7 -8 (28.10.15 и 11.11.15)


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