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C) Types of job and types of work
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A full-time job is for the whole of the normal working week; a part-time job is for less time than that. You say that someone works full-time or part-time.
A permanent job does not finish after a fixed period; a temporary job finishes after a fixed period. You talk about temporary work and permanent work.
d) Words used in front of ‘job’ and ‘work’
All these words are:
- satisfying, stimulating, fascinating, exciting: the work is interesting and gives you positive feelings.
- dull, boring, uninteresting, unstimulating: the work is not interesting.
- repetitive, routine: the work involves doing the same things again and again.
- tiring, tough, hard, demanding: the work is difficult and makes you tired.
4 Pierre is talking about his work. Correct what he says
using words and word combinations from 3 (a-d).
I work for a French supermarket company. (1) I work about the development of new supermarkets. (2) In fact, I running the development department and (3) I am manage for a team looking at the possibilities in different countries. It’s very interesting. (4) One of my main is to make sure that new supermarkets open on time. (5) I’m also charged with financial reporting. (6) I deal at a lot of different organizations in my work. (7) I’m responsible of planning projects from start to finish. (8) I work closely near our foreign partners, and so I travel a lot.
5 Complete the text with one of the prepositions from 3b.
Rebecca lives in London and works in public relations. She leaves home for work at 7.30 am. She drives (1)....................... work. The traffic is often bad and she worries about getting (2)....................... work late, but she usually arrives (3)....................... work at around nine. She finishes work quite late, at about eight. ‘Luckily, I’m never ill, ’ she says. ‘I could never take the time (4)....................... work.’ She loves what she does and is glad to be (5)....................... work. Some of her friends are not so lucky: they are (6)....................... work.
6 A great variety of occupations can be roughly divided into
trades and professions.
Trades are occupations which demand a high level of manual skill and an extended periodof practical and theoretical training.
Professions are occupations which involve mainly intellectual, or brainwork, and require a long period of higher education at university or an institution of similar standard.
a Here is a list of some occupations. Sort them out into two
groups under the headings.
trades, e.g. driver professions, e.g. musician
lawyer dentist hairdresser mechanic architect priest farmer
vet librarian physiotherapist child-minder police officer
accountant engineer scientist chef firefighter civil servant
tailor/dressmaker designer builder carpenter plumber
b Add some more job-titles to these lists and compare your lists
with those of other students.
7 Some job-titles are found in a wide range of different places.
boss director manager executive administrator clerk
secretary skilled worker unskilled worker labourer
receptionist public relations officer safety officer economist
security officer union official personnel officer sales assistant
adviser education officer research-worker supervisor
a Check their general meaning in a dictionary. Then do the
exercise below to help you work out the more precise meanings.
b Which of the job-titles above would best describe the following?
1) The person who represents the workers’ interests in disputes
with the management in a factory.
2) A person who has a high (but not the highest) position in a
company and whose job is to make important decisions.
3) An important person in a company who sits on the Board.
4) A worker whose job requires no special training.
5) A person generally in charge of the day-to-day administration
in a company.
6) The person who makes sure there are no risks of accidents from
machinery, etc.
7) A person whose job is to keep an eye on the day-to-day work
of other workers.
8) A person who does hard physical work.
9) The person who handles applications for vacant posts.
10) The person who gives out information to the press for a
company.
8 Name at least one job that would be impossible for these
people.
1) Someone who didn’t go to university.
2) Someone with very bad eyesight (= cannot see very well).
3) Someone who is always seasick.
4) Someone who understands nothing about cars.
5) Someone who will not work in the evening or at weekends.
6) Someone who is afraid of dogs.
7) Someone who is afraid of heights and high places.
8) Someone who is terrible at numbers and figures.
9) Someone who can’t stand the sight of blood.
10) Someone who is a pacifist, who is anti-war.
9 What would you call someone who …………………………………
1) is a diplomat of the highest rank, accredited as a representative
in residence by one government to another?
2) prepares and compounds medicines?
3) makes up computer programs?
4) checks tickets on a train?
5) is employed to maintain and clean the building?
6) directs a musical group?
7) designs or builds machines?
8) creates a musical piece?
9) makes, repairs and deals in jewelry?
10) a person who gives an immediate translation of words spoken
in another language?
11) displays unusual skill or daring in a film instead of an actor?
12) is a public officer with authority to hear and decide cases in a
law-court?
10 Complete these definitions.
| 1) An architect... designs buildings. 2) A university lecturer................... 3) An accountant............................. 4) A vet........................................... 9) A lawyer ................................…. 10)An engineer........................….. | 5) A bricklayer............ 6) A stock broker ......... 7) A mechanic............. 8) A surgeon .............. 11) An economist ….... 12)A firefighter …….. |
11 Here are some useful expressions connected with work.
Study and sort them out under the following headings:
| hours of work e.g. to work in shifts | reasons for not working e.g. to be on sick leave | other useful expressions e.g. to have a top-paid job |
1) to work shift-work [nights one week, days next]
2) to be on flexi-time [flexible working hours]
3) to work nine-to-five [regular day work]
4) to go/be on strike [industrial dispute]
5) to get the sack [thrown out of your job]
6) to be fired [more formal than ‘get the sack’; often used as a
direct address: ‘You’re fired! ’]
7) to be dismissed [more formal than ‘be fired’]
8) to be made redundant [thrown out, no longer needed]
9) to be laid off [more informal than ‘made redundant’]
10) to give up work [ e.g. in order to study]
11) to be on / take maternity leave [expecting a baby]
12) to be on / take sick leave [illness]
13) to take early retirement [retire at 55]
14) to be a workaholic [love work too much]
15) to be promoted [get a higher position]
16) to apply for a job [fill in forms, etc.]
17) to fall behind in one’s work [be late in doing something]
18) to work overtime/overnight [additional time worked/during night]
19) to work full-time/part-time [regular employment/temporary job]
20) to do odd jobs [occasional job]
21) to have steady work [fixed, permanent job]
22) to take a day off [day free from work]
23) to ask for leave of absence [permission to be absent from work]
24) to be on the dole/unemployment pay [government
unemployment pay]
25) to shirk work [avoid work]
26) to give smb (a week’s, a month’s, etc.) notice [to tell someone
that they must leave their job in a week, a month, etc.]
12 Using the expressions above say what you think has happened
or is happening.
e.g. I’m not working now; the baby’s due in 3 weeks.
She’s on maternity leave.
1) I lost my job. They had to make cutbacks.
2) He’s enjoying life on a pension, although he’s only 58.
3) One week it’s six-to-two, the next it’s nights.
4) They’ve made her General Manager as from next month!
5) I was late so often, I lost my job.
6) I get in at nine o’clock and go home at five.
7) Your trouble is you are obsessed with work!
8) I’m a student, so I’ll be able to work only a few hours a day.
9) Sandy has caught a bad cold and has been off work for a week.
10) Harrison has now his mother visiting him, so he asked for
permission not to come to work for a couple of days.
11) David lost his job last month and now he earns his living by
any job that turns up.
12) Try as he may, Larry still fails to cope with all of this work.
NB: as from in sentence 4) or as of mean ‘on and after a given
date or time’ (formal)
13 People may lose their jobs for different reasons.
Study the expressions below and sort them out under the following headings: a) you give up a job voluntarily, e.g. to resign; b) you are dismissed from work, e.g. to be fired.
to get the sack to be made redundant to be terminated
to be fired to take early retirement to hand in one’s notice
to quit a job to be disemployed to be laid off to resign
14 Old and new ways of working
Read the texts below paying attention to the phrases in bold.
A
I’m an office worker in an insurance company. It’s a nine-to-five job with regular working hours. The work isn’t very interesting, but I like to be able to go home at a reasonable time.
We all have to clock in and clock out every day. In this company, even the managers have to, which is unusual!
NB: You also say clock on and clock off.
B
I’m in computer programming. There’s a system of flexitime in my company, which means we can work when we want, within certain limits. We can start at any time before eleven, and finish as early as three, as long as we do enough hourseach month. It’s ideal for me as I have two young children.
NB: BrE: flexitime; AmE: flextime
C
I work in a car plant. I work in shifts. I may be on the day shift one week and the night shift the next week. It’s difficult changing from one shift to another. When I change shifts, I have problems changing to a new routine for sleeping and eating.
D
I’m a commercial artist in an advertising agency. I work in a big city, but I prefer living in the country, so I commute to work every day, like thousands of other commuters. Working from home using a computer and the Internet is becoming more and more popular, and the agency is introducing this: it’s called teleworking or telecommuting. But I like going into the office and working with other people around me.
15 Nature of work
Study the following speech patterns and use them correctly in sentences of your own.
| My work involves ……. | + noun human contact long hours team work |
| + ~ ing solving problems travelling a lot dealing with customers |
16 Which person 1) – 5) is most likely to do each of the five
things a) – e)?
1) A software designer in an Internet company. Has to be in
the office.
2) An office worker in a large, traditional manufacturing
company.
3) A manager in a department store in a large city. Lives in
the country.
4) A construction worker on a building site where work goes
on 24 hours a day.
5) A technical writer for a city computer company. Lives in
the country.
a) work in shifts
b) work under a flexitime system
c) telecommute
d) commute to work
e) clock on and off at the same time every day
17 Five people talk about their jobs. Match the jobs (1-5) to
the people (a-e) and put the words in brackets into the
correct grammatical forms.
1) accountant; 2) post woman; 3) flight attendant;
4) software developer; 5) teacher
a) Obviously, my work involves................ (travel) a lot. It can be quite physically................ (tire), but I enjoy............. (deal) with customers, except when they become violent. Luckily this doesn’t happen often.
b)I like............ (work) with figures, but my job is much less........... (bore) and routine than people think. The work............. (involve) a lot of human contact and teamwork, working with other managers.
c) Of course, it involves getting up quite early in the morning. But I like............. (be) out in the open air. And I get a lot of exercise!
d) You’ve got to think in a very logical way. The work can be mentally................. (tire), but it’s very satisfying to write a program that works.
e) I love my job. It’s very................. (stimulate) and not at all................... (repeat): no two days are the same. It’s good to see the children learn and develop.
18 When people ask you to explain your work/job, they may want
to know your main responsibilities (= your duties/what you
have to do), or something about your daily routine (= what you
do every day/week).
Read the sentences below and say which of them describe:
a) main responsibilities b) daily duties/routines
1) I’m in charge of (= responsible for) all deliveries out of the
factory.
2) I have to deal with any complaints (= take all necessary
action if there are complaints).
3) I run the coffee bar and restaurant in the museum (= I am in
control of it / I manage it).
4) I have to go to /attend (formal) a lot of meetings.
5) I visit/see/meet clients (= people I do business with or for).
6) I advise clients (= give them help and my opinion).
7) It involves doing quite a lot of paperwork (a general word
we use for routine work that involves paper, e.g. writing
letters, filling in forms, etc.).
NB: We often use responsible for / in charge of for part of something, e.g. a department or some of the workers; and run for control of all of something, e.g. a company or a shop.
19 Most workers are paid (= receive money) every month and this
pay goes directly into their bank account. It is called a salary.
We can express the same idea using the verb to earn:
My salary is $60, 000 a year. (= I earn $60, 000 a year.)
With many jobs you get (= receive) holiday pay and sick pay (when you are ill). If you want to ask about holidays, you can say: How much holiday do you get? or How many weeks’ holiday do you get?
The total amount of money you receive in a year is called your income. This could be your salary from one job, or the salary from two different jobs you have. And on this income you have to pay part to the government – called income tax.
Apart from the words pay and salary, there are also wage (çàðïëàòà) and fee (ãîíîðàð).
a Study the difference in the use of these words.
wage (now usually pl.) a fixed amount of money that is paid, usually every week, to an employee, esp. one who does work that needs physical skills or strength, rather than a job needing a college education
salary (usually monthly or quarterly) payment for regular employment on a yearly basis
pay money paid for regular work or services, esp. in the armed forces (the Navy, the Army, and the Air force)
fee charge or payment for professional advice or services (e.g. private teachers or schools, examiners, doctors, lawyers, surveyors).
NB: In different countries, and in different trades and in different grades, the salary that goes with a job may be only part of the package: extra benefits like a company car or cheap housing loans, bonuses paid in a ‘thirteenth month’, company pension schemes, free canteen meals, long holidays or flexible working hours may all contribute to the attractiveness of a job.
b Scan the list of people in different jobs given below and say which of them are likely to get
1) fee 2) pay 3) salary 4) wage
tailor miner colonel barrister pop singer lorry driver
professor painter senior executive nurse actress MP
scientist army officer novelist dustman receptionist
surgeon doorman accountant docker pilot plumber
20 Pay and benefits
a Read the texts below paying attention to the words in bold.
1) My name’s Luigi and I’m a hotel manager in Venice. I get paid a salary every month. In summer we’re very busy, so we work a lot of extra hours, or overtime; the money for this is quite good. Working in a hotel, we also get nice perks, for example free meals!
2) I’m Ivan and I work as a waiter in Prague. I like my job even if I don’t earn very much: I get paid wages every week by the restaurant. We get the minimum wage; the lowest amount allowed by law. But we also get tips, money that customers leave for us in addition to the bill. Some tourists are very generous!
3) I’m Catherine and I’m a saleswoman based in Paris. I get a basic salary, plus commission: a percentage on everything I sell. If I sell more than a particular amount in a year, I also get extra money - a bonus, which is nice. There are some good fringe benefits with this job: I get a company car, and they make payments for my pension, money that I’ll get regularly after I stop working. All that makes a good benefits package.
4)My name’s Alan. I’m a specialist in pay and benefits. Compensation and remuneration are formal words used to talk about pay and benefits, especially those of senior managers. Compensation package and remuneration package are used especially in the US to talk about all the pay and benefits that employees receive. For a senior executive, this may include share options (BrE) or stock options (AmE): the right to buy the company’s shares at low prices. There may be performance-related bonuses if the manager reaches particular objectives for the company.
5) Compensation is also used to talk about money and other benefits that a senior manager (or any employee) receives if they are forced to leave the organization, perhaps after a boardroom row. This money is in the form of a compensation payment, or severance payment. If the manager also receives benefits, the payment and the benefits form a severance package.
In Britain, executives with very high pay and good benefits may be referred to as fat cats, implying that they do not deserve this level of remuneration.
b Roger and Julia are talking about Roger’s new job as
a photocopier salesman. Complete the conversation, using
words from the texts above.
1 R: I get paid every month.
J: I see. You get a salary, not wages.
2 R: I usually have to work late: I don’t get paid for it, but I
get a percentage for every photocopier I sell.
J: So you don’t get........................................, but you do
get............................ That’s good.
3 R: The people in production get a........................... if they
reach their targets.
J: Oh right. They get an extra payment for producing a
certain amount.
4 R: The company pays for medical treatment too, and the
company restaurant is fantastic.
J: Wow! The.........................……............................. sound
very nice.
5 R: And they’ve given me a..................................................
........................... to go and visit clients.
J: So you don’t have to buy a car, then.
6 R: What’s more, the company pays in money for us to get
when we don’t work any more.
J: Yes, it’s important to get a good............................
7 R: The total.........................…........................... is brilliant.
J: Yes, all that extra stuff is really worth having.
c Which expressions from a and b could be used to
continue each of these newspaper extracts?
1) FAILED AIRLINE BOSS GETS MASSIVE PAYOUT
Shareholders are angry that despite very poor results, Blighty Airlines’ CEO, Mr Rob Herring, is leaving with £ 3 million in his pocket. They say it is ridiculous to ‘reward’ bad performance with this sort of... (2 possible expressions)
2) MULTILEVER’S EXECUTIVE PAY
It was today revealed that Mr Carl Lang, head of consumer foods giant Multilevel, earns a basic salary of $22 million with stock options potentially worth an additional $10 million. Other payments brine to $35 million his total... (2 possible expressions)
3) MEGAFONE CEO GETS £ 10 MILLION
‘THANK YOU’ AFTER TAKEOVER
The directors of Megafone, the world’s largest mobile phone company, yesterday voted to give Mr Chris Ladyman, its chief executive, a special payment of £ 10 million for negotiating the company’s takeover of Minnemann. The directors referred to this as a... (1 possible expression)
4) ANGRY SHAREHOLDERS ATTACK