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National clothes
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For many centuries Kazakh national clothes have been notable for their simplicity and rationality. Clothes were common in their form and style for all sectors of the population, but there were some variations depending on certain social position and age. Clothes were decorated with fur, embroidery and ornaments. Lather, fur thin felt and cloth were traditional materials for making clothes. Silks, brocade, cotton fabrics and velvet were widely used too. They showed a certain level of wealth and prosperity of its owner. The Kazakhs always valued skins and fur form animals. Form skins the made warm coat or тон in Kazakh, and from furbearing animals they made шаш, a special coat for winter. Many kinds of street clothes were made not only form the skins and fur of wild and domestic animals but from felts as well. For this purpose mainly white wool was used. In general street clothes for women were identical with men’s. They were the same sleeveless jackets, and oriental robes, belted with wide leather waist-bands.
Traditional women’s hats are really very interesting. They were a sign of their marital status. The girls usually wore hats of two types - тақ ия or skullcap and a warm cap with fur edging бө рік in Kazakh, trimmed with the fur of otter, fox and beaver. Borik-cap was a sign that the girl came from a wealthy family. The most interesting among others is a Kazakh national female wedding cap. In Kazakh it is called сә укеле. The most expensive of them cost about a hundred choice horses. This cap was a necessary part of the girl’s dowry and prepared long before she reached marriage age. With the birth of her first child a woman put on the hat of a married woman, which she wore until she became old.
It consists of two parts – lower, which is called кимешек, put on a head, and upper, a sort of a turban, put round the lower part of the hat. Both parts of it were made of white fabric.
Hats for men were various too. They wore different skull-caps, summer and winter caps. A hat to wear in summer was made of white felt. Its name is қ алпақ. Men’s winter caps were of round form with fur edging. In the summer time men usually wire caps with fur edging (бө рік) or light felt hats (қ алпақ), in winter they put on fur caps - тымақ.
In early years the male and female footwear did not differ form each other. They were high boots different for each season. There were some varieties between footwear for senior and young people. The youth treferred boots on high heels, senior used them on low or even without heels, which were called мә сі.
The street clothes of a woman were shapan, a straight wide robe with long sleeves. Warm female winter clothes lined with fox fur is кү пі. The main form of street clothes for men was an orient robe of special style. Its name in Kazakh is also shapan. According to a Kazakh traditions it is popular to give a shapan as a gift. To emphasize their superiority rich Kazakhs wore several shapans at once in any weather. The warm men’s clothes were of the same type. They wore a coat made of sheep wool, a thick coat made of sheepskin (тон in Kazakh ) and a covered fur coat (ішік). An obligatory part of men’s clothes were belts form leather or cloth. Those who were wealthy had belts made of velvet and silk.