Home assignments. I. * определите значение слова 'if:

I.* Определите значение слова 'if:

1. If there is common bile duct obstruction jaundice usually develops. 2. The surgeon wanted to know if all the surgical instruments necessary for the

operation had already been adequately sterilized. 3. Persons who have been in contact with the sick may be infected with hepatitis if prophylactic vaccination against it is not carried out.

II. Прочитайте следующие предложения и сравните их с переводом на русский язык. Обратите внимание на выделенные сказуемые. От­ветьте на вопросы:

I. a) If he is at the Institute tomorrow he will see my brother.

Если он будет в институте завтра, он увидит моего брата. И. б) If he were at the Institute tomorrow he would see my brother.

Если бы он был в институте завтра, он увидел бы моего брата, в) If you took this drug now you would feel an immediate relief.

Если бы вы приняли это лекарство сейчас, вы почувствовали бы

немедленное облегчение.

III. г) If he had been at the Institute yesterday he would have seen my brother.

Если бы он был в институте вчера, он увидел бы моего брата. д) If he had taken this drug yesterday he would have felt an immediate relief.

Если бы он принял это лекарство вчера, он почувствовал бы не­медленное облегчение.

1. Какое условие выражает предложение I (а), и к какому времени относится действие в этом предложении? 2. В каком времени стоят глаголы в I типе условных предложений? Как переводятся на русский язык эти пред­ложения? 3. Какое условие выражают предложения II (б), (в), и к какому времени относится действие в этих предложениях? 4. В каком времени стоят глаголы во II типе условных предложений? Как они переводятся на русский язык? 5, Какое условие выражают предложения III (г), (д), и к какому времени относится действие в этих предложениях? 6. В каком вре­мени стоят глаголы в III типе условных предложений? Как они переводятся на русский язык? (см. с. 293)

III. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите тип услов­ных предложений:

1. If biopsy had revealed cancer cells in the lung the patient would have been operated on. 2. If the temperature is extremely high viruses will not sur­vive. 3. The gastric juice would contain much mucus if the examined patient had carcinoma. 4. The patient would not have developed severe anaemia if he had not suffered profuse external bleeding because of a bad injury.

227 IV. Дайте полную форму бессоюзных придаточных условных пред­ложений:

1. Had obstruction not been controlled, the patient would have undergone an emergency surgery. 2. Could the nurse carry out this procedure herself, she would not ask the doctor to help her. 3. Were I in your place, I should discon­tinue penicillin treatment. 4. Had the pain not radiated to the substernal area, the diagnosis of angina pectoris would have been excluded.

V. Прочитайте следующие предложения, обратите внимание на вы­деленные слова и их перевод. Ответьте на вопросы и выполните задание:

а) If he were not ill he would be at

the Institute today (tomorrow). Were he not ill, he would be at the Institute today (tomorrow). If he had not been ill he would have been at the Institute yesterday.

б) It is necessary that he should examine the patient immediately. It is desirable that she be at the clinic at two o'clock.

It is important that he take this book.

в) The doctor insists that this pro­cedure be carried out immediately.

I wish he be well again as soon as

possible, r) She looks as if(as though) she

were ill. д) You must keep your bed lest you

should have a complication.

He repeated his experiments many

times so that he might get the exact

data.

Если бы он не болел, он был бы в институте сегодня (завтра).

Если бы он не болел, он был бы в институте вчера.

Необходимо, чтобы он осмотрел больного немедленно.

Желательно, чтобы она была в кли­нике в два часа.

Важно, чтобы он взял эту книгу.

Врач настаивает, чтобы эта проце­дура была выполнена немедлен­но.

Как я хотел бы, чтобы он выздо­ровел как можно скорее!

Она выглядит так, как будто бы она больна.

Вы должны лежать в постели, что­бы не было осложнения.

Он повторял эксперименты много раз, чтобы можно было полу­чить точные данные.

1. Что выражает сослагательное наклонение? 2. Как передается в анг­лийском языке сослагательное наклонение? 3. Определите виды прида­точных предложений, в которых употребляется сослагательное наклоне­ние. 4. Как образуется сослагательное наклонение в русском языке? (см. с. 294)

VI.* Переведите следующие предложения и объясните перевод:

1. It is necessary that the group of blood be determined before the transfu­sion is given to the patient. 2. The physician suggested that the electrocardio­gram should be repeated. 3. He looked as if he were very tired.4. It is not very likely that hemoglobin level should increase in the course of the disease. 5. It is better to operate on immediately lest the appendix should rupture. 6. The doctor insisted that chemotherapy be discontinued. 7.1 wish the findings of the labora­tory analyses be better.

VII. Переведите следующие предложения и объясните употребле­ние 'should' и 'would'(cM. таблицу 20, с. 274):

1. The doctor was sure that the patient would walk soon. 2. We thought we should have a lecture the next day at 12 sharp. 3. If the patient were better he would be discharged. 4. If I were you I should administer this patient strepto­mycin injections. 5.1 should call in the ambulance immediately. 6. The physi­cian should always do his best to save the life of his patient. 7. It is necessary that the blood group should be determined before the transfusion is given. 8. The physician suggested that chemotherapy should be descontinued.

VIII. 1. Прочитайте и определите, какой частью речи являются выделенные слова. 2. Выучите их (см. с. 283). 3. Предложения переве­дите:

1. The physician wanted to know where the tenderness was localized. 2. In order to prevent the fatal outcome the emergency surgery was performed. 3. The patient has injured his left leg as well as the right arm. 4. Though cardiac insuf­ficiency has been controlled the patient is still following a bed regimen. 5. The backache was not so sharp as that in the chest. 6. The patient recovered sooner than we had expected. 7. The doctor knew well how to prevent the develop­ment of delirium and prostration in case of diphtheria.

IX. В следующих предложениях найдите сказуемое и скажите, по каким признакам вы это определите (см. с. 285). Переведите предло­жения:

1. Tens of thousands of medical institutions function in our country. 2. The state foots all the allocations for public health. 3. On physical examination the doctor revealed extensive skin irritation. 4. The bile duct obstruction may be accompanied by the pain in the umbilical and hypochondriac areas. 5. Nobody has supported this diagnosis.

X. Прочитайте слова, которые совпадают с русским значением, а затем слова, которые не совпадают:

immunity [i'mju: mti], invasion [m'verjn], natural f'naetjral], absolute ['sebsaluit], antidote ['aentidaut], specific [spi'siftk], neutralize ['nju: tralaiz], vital fvaitl]

XI. Выучите следующие слова. Переведите предложения:

lack [lsek] v не хватать, недоставать; я недостаток, нехватка, отсутствие. The patient was lacking red blood cells.

relative ['relativ] а относительный; relative to smth относительно чего-л., по поводу чего-л. Relative association was established in those two cases. This article was relative to the latest developments in genetics.

previous ['pri: vjss] а предшествующий, предыдущий. The previous at­tack of pain was particularly severe.

injure ['md33], v повреждать, поражать, травмировать. The patient de­veloped acute pain because of the injured leg.

inject [m'd3ekt] v вводить (лекарство); делать инъекцию. Tuberculin was injected to this patient.

subcutaneous ['sAbkju'temjas] а подкожный. Subcutaneous injections were given to this patient daily.

employ [im'ploi] v применять, использовать

XII. Образуйте новые слова при помощи префиксов и переведите их:

sub-: cutaneous, cortical, febrile, serous, sternal, mucous in-: sufficient, direct, active, adequate, digestion, complete

XIII. 1. Прочитайте текст А. 2. Найдите и переведите предложе­ние, содержащее сослагательное наклонение. 3. Выпишите англий­ские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

прямой контакт, особое свойство сопротивляемости, в (при) различных условиях, выздоровление наступает, наличие любой инфекции

4. Напишите аннотацию этого текста: Text A. Immunity

Infectious diseases are known to be caused by the invasion and growth of microorganisms in the human body. Infection may result from direct contact with patients or from indirect one.

But the human organism is known to have a specific capacity of resistance against infection, which is called immunity, it being natural and artificial. Un­der various conditions it may be entirely lacking, it may be relative, rarely it may be absolute. A previous attack of an infectious disease produces a more or less permanent protection against its subsequent infection.

In the course of their growth in the body many pathogenic microorganisms produce virulent poisons or toxins, they causing the characteristic symptoms of a particular disease. To meet the infection the cells of the body produce a chemical antidote which is specific for this particular infection and is known as an anti­toxin. If the patient can produce a sufficient amount of this antidote to neutralize the toxins before the vital organs are injured recovery occurs. If the human body had not this capacity we should suffer from all infectious diseases.

If the toxin can be isolated from bacterial cultures and injected into men an artificial immunity can be produced which results from the formation of anti­toxin.

The cellular elements of the tissues also take an active part in the protection of the organism against the infection. The presence of any infection usually produces leucocytosis and bacteria in the tissues are surrounded by white cells or phagocytes which prevent the spread of bacteria destroying them.

If the reaction against invading bacteria is insufficient, vaccines may be injected subcutaneously to produce a more active resistance of the protective mechanisms of the body. Vaccines are employed not only to contribute to the treatment of a disease, but to establish an active artificial immunity.