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Active vocabulary. Read and learn the following words and word combinations: immunity иммунитет resistance сопротивляемость provideобеспечивать antibody антитело
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Read and learn the following words and word combinations:
- immunity иммунитет
- resistance сопротивляемость
- provide обеспечивать
- antibody антитело
- antitoxin антитоксин
- causative причинный
- stimulate стимулировать
- foreign body чужеродное тело
- transplant трансплантант
- transfusion переливание (крови)
- incompatible несоответствующий, несовместимый
- antigen антиген
- involve вовлекать
- overcome подавлять
- concerned имеющий отношение, связанный
- remain оставаться
- acquired immunity приобретенный иммунитет
- reproduce воспроизводить
- artificially искусственно
- vaccination вакцинация
- host хозяин
- thus таким образом
- subsequent последующий
- immediately сразу же
- exposure проявление
- inherit наследовать
IMMUNITY 
Immunity means resistance to disease. It is provided by certain white blood cells, which release antibodies and antitoxins into the blood plasma. Many causative factors can stimulate white cells to produce antibodies antitoxins; for example, microorganisms; bacterial, plant and animals toxins; foreign bodies; transplants; transfusion of incompatible blood cells. All such factors are called antigens.
When infection occurs, inflammation results, and part of this defensive reaction involves antibodies and antitoxins. They are present in the blood and help overcome the microorganisms concerned. Some of these antibodies and antitoxins can remain in the blood for life and prevent any repetition of the same infection. Such life-long protection is called acquired immunity; but unfortunately it does not occur for every type of microorganism.
However, where immunity is possible it can be reproduced artificially in people who have never been infected by a particular microorganism. It may be done by giving a non-immune person a dose of dead microorganisms. This is called vaccination. Dead microorganisms cannot produce disease but they do stimulate the host’s body to produce antibodies and antitoxins against the particular microorganisms concerned. Thus any subsequent infection with these organisms is immediately overcome by the antibodies and antitoxins already present. If there has been no vaccination or prior exposure to disease, acquired immunity is not present. However, all individuals inherit some degree of natural immunity and this helps explain why some people are more resistant to disease than others.
NOTES
1. inflammation results – наступает воспаление
2. such life – long protection – Такая защита, имеющая место на протяжении всей жизни
3. dead microorganisms – ослабленные микроорганизмы
EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:
1. Невосприимчивость к заболеванию
2. Вырабатывать антитела
3. Все факторы
4. Они присутствуют в крови
5. Предупреждать повторное инфицирование
6. Приобретенный иммунитет
7. искусственно
8. Вакцинация
9. Они действительно стимулируют
10. Таким образом
11. Наследовать
12. Врожденный иммунитет
13. Это помогает объяснить
EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте предложения из текста со следующими словами и словосочетаниями:
1. to be provided
2. Causative factors
3. Antigents
4. to involve
5. to help overcome
6. to remain for life
7. to occur
8. to be reproduced artificially
9. a non- immune person
10. dead microorgamisms
11. a subsequent infection
12. prior exposure
13. more resistant to disease
EXERCISE 3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What is immunity?
2. What is it provided by?
3. What factors can stimulate white cells to produce antibodies and antitoxins?
4. What happens when infection occurs?
5. How long can antibodies and antitoxins remain in the blood?
6. Does acquired immunity occur for every type of microorganism?
7. Can it be reproduced artificially?
8. How may it be done?
9. What do dead microorganisms stimulate?
10. Is acquired immunity always present?
11. What is natural immunity?
EXERCISE 4. Поставьте артикли, где это необходимо:
Where immunity to … particular disease is not present, it can be provided by … vaccination to prevent that disease; but it can also be introduced by injecting … antibodies or antitoxins to treat or temporarily prevent … disease concerned. Such protection is called passive immunity and is commonly used against tetanus. During pregnancy … mother passes on her own antibodies and antitoxins to her unborn baby and this provides … passive immunity for … first few months after birth.
EXERCISE 5. Поставьте предлоги, где это необходимо:
Some people have a defective immune system and are accordingly much more susceptible … infection. Such individuals are said to be immune – compromised and one … the most important examples is the destruction … the body’s defense mechanism by the AIDS virus, resulting … death from an inability to resist infection.
Other immune – compromised patients may be those suffering … leukemia, kidney failure and diabetes; and those taking drugs which suppress immunity; for example, cytotoxics, used … the treatment of cancer, and drugs used to prevent rejection … transplants.
EXERCISE 6. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова:
1. Is, immunity, by, provided, cells, white.
2. Can, many, factors, white, stimulate, to produce, cells, antibodies, antitoxins, and.
3. Antibodies, antitoxins, and, some, remain, of, for, can, in, remain, the, for, blood, life.
4. Inherit, natural, individuals, all, degree, immunity, some, of.
EXERCISE 7. Переведите на английский язык:
1. Иммунитет – это невосприимчивость к заболеванию.
2. В теле человека лейкоциты выполняют функцию пожирателей болезнетворных бактерий.
3. Воспаление – это защитная реакция организма в борьбе с болезнью.
4. Существуют два вида иммунитета: врожденный и приобретенный.
5. И.И.Мечников первым открыл явление иммунитета и назвал свою теорию фагоцитарной теорией иммунитета.
6. Английский врач Эдвард Дженнер открыл способ искусственно создавать иммунитет к опасной болезни – натуральной оспе.
7. Ослабленные микроорганизмы не могут вызвать заболевание, но они стимулируют выработку организмом антител и антитоксинов против микроорганизмов, вызывающих данное заболевание.
EXERCISE 8. Составьте 10 вопросов к тексту “Immunity”.
УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 9 Приготовьте пересказ текста “Immunity”.
TEXT B
If an infection is too virulent, or the body resistance too weak, the white cells are unable to contain the infection and it can spread throughout the body. Before the discovery of antibiotics, such spread was usually fatal. If the balance between infection and body resistance us equal, a condition of stalemate may supervene, often leading to a persistent state of chronic infection.
During the battle between invading bacteria and white cells in the inflamed area, many casualties occur. These dead white cells and bacteria form the creamy liquid known as pus. A localized collection of pus is called an abscess. Abscess of the skin are called boils. Sometimes pus formation spreads diffusely instead of forming an abscess. This is called cellulites.
In the absence of infection, pus formation does not occur and any damage done by the causal irritant is repaired.
Following inflammation the damage is repaired by white cells which rebuild the area by filling the breach with a temporary repair tissue called granulation tissue. This consists of rapidly growing white cells and new capillaries which form fibrous scaffolding in which damaged parts are removed and reconstruction take place. But repair cannot take place in the presence of pus.
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
Read and learn the following words
1. contain содержать
2. plasma плазма
3. microscopical микроскопический
4. element элемент
5. erythrocyte эритроцит
6. leucocyte лейкоцит
7. thrombocyte тромбоцит
8. bone marrow костный мозг
9. transport транспортировать, переносить
10. convert преобразовывать, превращать
11. carry переносить
12. arrive прибывать
13. expel вытеснять, выводить
14. catabolism катаболизм
15. hemoglobin (haemoglobin) гемоглобин
16. agranulocyte агранулоцит
17. cytoplasm цитоплазма
18. granulocyte гранулоцит
19. eosinophil иозофил
20. basophil базофил
21. neutrophil нейтрофил
22. node узел
23. spleen селезенка
24. lymphocyte лимфоцит
25. monocyte моноцит
26. platelet тромбоцит
27. tiny крошечный
28. blood clotting свертываемость крови
29. occur происходить, случаться
30. remain оставаться
31. coagulation коагуляция
32. complete заканчивать
BLOOD
Blood contains a fluid called plasma plus microscopical cellular elements: erythrocytes, leucocytes, and thrombocytes.
Erythrocytes are red blood cells of which 4.5 – 5 million are found in each cubic millimeter. These cells are made in the bone marrow and are important in transporting oxygen from the lungs through the blood stream to the cells all over the body. The oxygen is then used up by body cells in the process of converting food to energy (catabolism). Hemoglobin, containing iron, is an important protein in erythrocytes, which helps in carrying the oxygen as it travels through the blood stream. Erythrocytes also carry away carbon dioxide (CO2), a waste product of catabolism of food in cells, from the body cells to the lungs. On arriving there it is expelled in the process of breathing.
Leucocytes are white blood cells from 4.000 to 10.000 per cubic millimeter exiting in several types: granulocytes and agranulocytes, which are also subdivided into different types.
Granulocytes are cells with granules in their cytoplasm formed in the bone marrow. There are three types of granulocytes: eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils.
Agranulocytes are produced in lymph nodes and spleen. There are two types of agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes.
Thrombocytes or platelets are tiny cells formed in the bone marrow. They are necessary for blood clotting. Their number is 400.000 per cubic millimeter. The plasma is the fluid portion before clotting has occurred. The serum is the fluid portion of blood remaining after the coagulation process is completed.
The body contains about five liters of blood kept at a constant temperature of 37*C. Blood consists of three different types of cell floating in a liquid called plasma. The blood cells are known as red cells, white cells and platelets. Red cells and platelets are unique among body cells in having no nucleus. Blood cells are so small that one cubic
millimeter of blood (the size of a pin head) contains about five million red cells, 7.000 white cells and 250.000 platelets.
The red blood cells contain a pigment called hemoglobin, which gives the blood its red color. The main function of red cells is to carry oxygen to the body cells.
For its journey from the lungs to the body cells, oxygen combines with hemoglobin of the red cells. It is then released from the hemoglobin when the body cells are reached. Some people do not have enough hemoglobin in their red cells and are consequently short of oxygen. This condition is called anemia and such people tire easily, become breathless on exertion and have a pale complexion. They need special care during general anesthesia.
The white blood cells defend the body against disease. They do this by attacking germs and repairing damage.
The function of platelets is to stop bleeding. They do this in two ways: by blocking the cut blood vessels; and by producing substances, which help the blood to clot.
EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1 Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:
1. микроскопические клеточные элементы
2. в каждом кубическом миллиметре
3. через кровоток
4. по всему организму
5. процесс превращения пищи в энергию
6. выводить
7. продукт отхода
8. выталкивать, выбрасывать
9. несколько видов
10. лимфатические узлы
11. крошечные клетки
12. свертываемость крови
13. завершаться
EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте предложения со следующими словами и словосочетаниями из текста:
1. to call
2. to be found
3. bone marrow
4. to be used
5. to convert
6. iron
7. to be expelled
8. spleen
9. a fluid portion
10. coagulation process
EXERCISE 3 Переведите следующие словосочетания:
1. the habit of smocking
2. the way of producing it
3. the hope of seeing you
4. the chance of getting the prize
5. the method of transporting
6. the necessity of knowing
7. the importance of carrying away waste products
8. the time of arriving
9. the fact of existing
EXERCISE4. Составьте предложения, используя следующие модели, переведите на русский язык:
MODEL: You can learn English.(to work hard)
You can learn English by working hard.
1. You can improve your health (to walk in the evening, to have a proper diet, to follow your doctor’s advice).
2. You will help me (to take part in the conference, to deliver a lecture on Monday, to organize a seminar).
3. You can keep up your English (to read books in the original, to learn grammar, to work with a tape- recorder).
EXERCISE 5. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What does blood contain?
2. How many erythrocytes can be found in each cubic millimeter/
3. Where are these cells made?
4. What is their function?
5. What role does hemoglobin play?
6. What are the types of leucocytes?
7. 7.Where are agranulocytes produced?
8. 8.What types of granulocytes do you know?
9. 9.What organ forms thrombocytes?
10. How many platelets are there in one cubic millimeter?
11. 11.What is the difference between the plasma and serum?
EXERCISE 6. Вставьте артикли, где это необходимо:
1. Blood contains … fluid called plasma and cellular elements.
2. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are important in … gas exchange taking place in … lungs.
3. Leucocytes (white blood cells) are subdivided into … different types.
4. Granulocytes are formed in … bone marrow.
5. Agranulocytes are produced in … lymph nodes and … spleen.
6. Platelets are … tiny cells formed in the bone remaining after … coagulation process is the serum.
EXERCISE7. Вставьте предлоги или наречия:
1. Thrombocytes are necessary … blood clotting.
2. The plasma is the fluid portion … clotting has occurred.
3. There are two types … agranulocytes.
4. 21
5. Granulocytes are cells … granules in their cytoplasm.
6. The number of leucocytes is … 4.000 … 10.000 per cubic millimeter.
7. The oxygen is used … body cells in the process …converting food … energy.
8. Carbon dioxide is expelled … the process … breathing.
9. Erythrocytes transport oxygen … the lungs … the blood stream … the cells of the body.
10. They also carry … a waste product … catabolism.
EXERCISE8. Закончите предложение, используя окончание ing. Слова изправой колонки вам помогут:
1. Do you mind my… to ask you
2. I insist on … to do it now, not tomorrow
3. The lecturer began … to speak on gas exchange in the lungs
4. It’s no use … to try it again
5. He stopped … to do laboratory experiments on blood
6. Most of us dislike the idea of … to be examined
7. We had no difficulty in … to learn the blood formula
8. Please go on … to speak on the topic
9. I can not help … to visit my sister, who is ill
10. The students made much progress to learn this material in Physiology by…
EXERCISE 9. Составьте 10 вопросов к тексту “Blood ”.
EXERCISE 10. Приготовьте пересказ текста “Blood”.
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
Read learn the following words and word combinations:
1. mean означать
2. invasion инвазия, вторжение
3. saliva слюна
4. contaminated зараженный
5. skin cuts порезы
6. abrasion абразия
7. staff персонал
8. defence оборона
9. intact неповрежденный
10. surface поверхность
11. liquid жидкость
12. produce производить
13. poison яд
14. kill убивать
15. tears слезы
16. sweat пот
17. 
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