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Respiration
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Respiration means breathing. Its function is to provide the means whereby oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves. This interchange of gases occurs in the lungs which are situated in the chest, one on each side of the heart.
The chest forms a protective cage for the heart and lungs. The bars of the cage are formed by the ribs – which are joined to the breast bone in front and spine behind. The spaces between the ribs are filled by the rib muscles. The floor of the cage is formed by the diaphragm, which is a sheet of muscle separating the chest from the abdomen.
In order to reach the lungs, the air we breathe enters the 
throat through the nose or mouth and passes into the larynx. Below the larynx the air passes along a tube called the trachea, which runs down the neck to the chest where it divides into two. These two branches are known as the right and left bronchi and they enter their respective lungs. Just as arteries divide up into smaller arteries and finally into thin –
walled capillaries, so do the bronchi divide inside the lungs. Each bronchus divides into many smaller and smaller tubes until eventually ends up as a huge number of tiny air sacs, which comprise each lung. A network of capillaries originating from the pulmonary artery passes round each air sac.
Air breathed in through the nose passes via the throat, larynx, trachea and bronchi to the air sacs of the lungs. This passage from nose to lungs is known as the airway. In the lungs, oxygen from the air passes through the thin walls of each air sac and its surrounding capillary to reach the blood. In the same way carbon dioxide passes simultaneously out of the blood into the air sacs. This gaseous exchange for replenishing the blood with oxygen and eliminating the waste product, carbon dioxide, is the sole purpose of respiration.
Oxygen enters the blood by combining with hemoglobin in the red cells; where as carbon dioxide is carried by the plasma.
NOTES
1. the floor of the cage – основание клетки
2. in order to - для того чтобы.
3. just as arteries … so do the bronchi – как артерии…, так и бронхи.
4. passes round each air sac – оплетает каждую альвеолу.
5. breathed in through the nose – вдыхаемый через нос.
EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1. Процитируйте предложения со следующими словами и словосочетаниями из текста.
1. to provide the means
2. to be situated
3. the bars of the cage
4. to be joined to the breast bone
5. the space between the ribs
6. a sheet of muscle
7. to pass into larynx
8. to pass along
9. thin – walled capillaries
10. a huge number of tiny air sacs
11. pass round
12. to reach blood
13. the sole purpose
14. to be carried by
EXERCISE 2. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:
1. What is respiration?
2. How can you characterize its function?
3. Where does the interchange of gases take place?
4. What does the chest form?
5. What are the spaces between ribs filled by?
6. What does the diaphragm separate?
7. Where does the air pass below the larynx?
8. How do the bronchi divide inside the lungs?
9. What passes round each air sac?
10. How can you describe the airway?
11. What is the sole purpose of respiration?
12. What takes place in the red cells during respiration?
EXERCISE 3. Задайте вопросы к выделенным курсивом словам или словосочетаниям:
1. The floor of the cage is formed by the diaphragm.
2. Below the larynx the air passes along the trachea.
3. The bronchi divide inside lungs.
4. Air enters the body through the nasal cavities.
5. There are three divisions of the pharynx.
6. The larynx contains the vocal cords.
EXERCISE 4. Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения:
- Легкие расположены в грудной клетке.
- Пространство между ребрами занято межреберными мышцами.
- Диафрагма отделяет грудную клетку от брюшной полости.
- Воздух, который мы вдыхаем через нос или рот, проходит по
- дыхательному пути в легкие.
- В альвеолах происходит обмен газов между организмом и средой.
- Длина трахеи примерно 15 см.
- Каждый бронх входит в легкое, где ветвится на мелкие бронхи и бронхиолы.
- Всего имеется около 300 миллионов альвеол.
- Альвеолы оплетены капиллярами.
- Стенки альвеол очень тонкие.
- Через тонкую стенку и происходит газообмен.
EXERCISE 5.. Работа в парах Задайте 10 вопросов к тексту “Respiration”
EXERCISE 6. Перескажите текст “Respiration”.