Topic: educational system in Kazakhstan

1) The educational system in Kazakhstan is conducted in two languages - Kazakh and Russian and consists of several levels of state and private educational establishments: infant schools, elementary (or primary) schools, comprehensive schools, colleges and academies. The constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan fixes the right of citizens of the republic on free-of-charge secondary education which is obligatory. The constitution prohibits any discrimination on the basis of language or ethnicity and guarantees equal rights in education regardless of nationality. Children start school at the age of 7 and finish at 17. As a rule a child attends the school, located in the neighborhood. However, in big cities there are so-called special schools, offering more in depth studies of the major European languages (English, French, German) or the advanced courses in physics and mathematics and children, attending one of this may have to commute from home.

The first stage of education in Kazakhstan is elementary (or primary) school for grades one through four. The second is secondary school for middle grades from five through nine. Upon graduation from secondary school students are given the choice of either continuing to attend the same school (high school -senior grades 10-11) or entering a vocational or technical school. Both of these schools are meant to provide one, along with the certificate of secondary education with a number of useful skills (e.g. those of an electrician, technical or computer operators.) Having completed one's secondary education, one can either become a part of work force or go on college (institution of higher learning-Institute).

To be admitted to the institute one has to pass a series of oral or written tests. Students may get free-of-charge higher education in the higher educational institution and the limited number of the state grants is given each academic year on a competitive basis. Some college departments (law, journalism, foreign language-especially English) have dozens of applicants for one prospective student's position. The system of higher education prepares highly - skilled experts on economy, transport, agriculture, medicine, languages and others. Today the young people of Kazakhstan have the opportunity to choose and acquire various types of education and build their lives according to their ambitions.

Studying of foreign languages and development of computer skills of pupils is of a special importance. More opportunities appear for the interested persons to be trained abroad on the basis of local and state grants, scholarships

2) The education system in Kazakhstan is overseen by the Ministry of Education and administered at the local level. Schooling is mandatory for all students between the ages of 6 and 15, although there are several pre-university educational options for students between the ages of 16-18 as well. Below you will find the various levels that make up Kazakhstan’s system of education, beginning with Kindergarten and culminating with the various higher education opportunities available in the country for students seeking advanced degrees and diplomas.

Kindergarten Education in Kazakhstan

As per the country’s Constitution, all children in Kazakhstan have access to kindergarten education, which is offered at no cost to the family. Kindergarten typically serves students between the ages of 4 and 5, and while students are not mandated to attend this one-year level of education it is estimated that nearly 80 percent of children do begin their formal education at this stage. Kazakhstan is home to over 100 kindergartens, over 80 percent of which are public institutions, serving approximately 150, 000 children each year.

Kindergarten classes are held five days a week in Kazakhstan for approximately 3-4 hours a day. The curriculum during this stage of education includes pre-writing, reading and arithmetic, art, music and play. All kindergartens are currently expected to teach both Kazakh and Russian, and most emphasize one language over the other.

Kindergartens in Kazakhstan play an important role in helping prepare students for their first year of state-mandated primary education. Children learn to socialize and work cooperatively with other students and their teacher through group work and games and come to know what is expected of them both academically and behaviorally in a school setting.

Primary Education in Kazakhstan

Primary education in Kazakhstan typically begins at age 6 and spans four academic years—Grade 1 through Grade Four. Classes generally run in two sessions, from 8: 00 AM to 12: 00 PM and from 1: 00 PM to 5: 00 PM; with students either going to class in the morning or in the afternoon.

All primary schools in Kazakhstan are state-owned and constitutionally protected. The curriculum for these schools is developed and established by the Ministry of Education and individual schools are mandated to teach the ascribed curriculum to a “T”, thus giving students the best chance of success, with each year building on the one before. Textbooks are provided by the government to each of the country’s primary schools, which in turn lend them to the students for their use in that particular year.

The curriculum in Kazakhstan’s primary schools includes courses in reading, basic mathematics, writing, Kazakh and Russian language arts, science, social science, art, music and physical education.

Primary school education is provided free to all citizens and residents of Kazakhstan and parents typically pay only for extra-curricular activities such as sports programs, music programs, and sometimes lab equipment or other special equipment.

Lower Secondary School Education in Kazakhstan

The period known as lower secondary or basic school in Kazakhstan is similar to middle or junior high school education in other countries like the United States. This level of education typically begins at age 10 or 11 and spans a total of five years in duration—Grades 5 through Grade 9.

Some lower secondary school classes share same the same campus with the primary school (or higher secondary school) in the immediate area, while others may form a separate campus altogether.

The curriculum students can expect to encounter while participating in lower secondary school depends on their specific age and grade level. At the lower levels, the curriculum is very similar to that of the primary school, albeit more advanced, with subjects such as mathematics, general science, social science, Russian or Kazakh language arts (depending on the primary language of the individual school) and physical education. Older lower secondary education students, such as those in the 8th and 9th grades, can study more advanced subjects such as foreign language, Kazakh, Russian and World Literature, history, algebra (and other higher mathematics courses), physics, biology, chemistry and many others.

Higher Secondary School Education in Kazakhstan

Once students successfully complete their lower secondary school education they are permitted to follow one of three available tracks at the higher secondary school level. Students may choose only one track, meaning they are not permitted to enroll in two or more tracks simultaneously.

The first track that is available to students is known as the General Education track, which spans two years and comprises grades 10 and 11. This track is purely academic in nature and is designed for students who plan to pursue university studies after finishing secondary school. The curriculum for general higher secondary education is similar to that of its lower secondary counterpart, although the subject matter students will encounter is much more difficult.[ix] All instruction is geared towards preparing students for university admission following graduation.

Training schools in Kazakhstan are designed to train students in a trade or skilled profession of some type. These programs, which are entirely vocational in nature, can span anywhere from one to three years, depending on the type of trade or profession in which the student is focusing his/her study.

Graduates of training schools can go on to further their studies at either a vocational college or university, or enter the world of employment in the same or related trade. Training school education is provided for students free of cost, although students may be required to purchase special equipment, textbooks and other materials.[xi]

Lyceums

The lyceums in Kazakhstan are also set up to offer students an initial or basic program of vocational education and to prepare them for a variety of skilled professions. However, lyceums differ from training schools in that they also offer basic academic education along with specific vocational program instruction. All of the programs in the country’s lyceums span three academic years, often referred to as grades 10-12.

Colleges

Secondary or Advanced Vocational Education is provided by Kazakhstan’s colleges, with programs that also include general academic education. Depending on the field of study, the program length at the country’s colleges can span anywhere from three to four years—Grades 10-12 or Grades 10-13. Accelerated programs exist for students who have already completed both general secondary education and initial vocational training in the same field. Graduates may go on to the university to continue their education or they can opt to begin working in their chosen field of study.

Students who wish to apply for university admittance must, at minimum, possess a leaving certificate or its recognized equivalent from one of the country’s higher secondary education institutions. Since 2004, all secondary school graduates have also had to pass a new exam, ЕНТ(Unified National Testing Exam) and receive the corresponding diploma, the Result’s Certificate (replacing the Complex Testing Exam) to enter a university. Some schools may also require a separate entrance examination, as may specific departments within a given university.

Students who are accepted to a university at any level must apply under a specific major, and the curriculum is set by the university (according to State legislation) for each major. For example, economics majors will all study in the same courses in the same order, separate from English majors who have a different curriculum. Some courses are required for a variety of majors and there is a possibility of switching majors, but typically classes do not transfer to the new major and the student is expected to reenter in the new major as a first year student.[xvi]

As with most modern universities, the higher education institutions in Kazakhstan offer a number of degree options in hundreds of possible majors. Currently there are four levels of tertiary education in Kazakhstan:

·Bachelor Degree. The Bachelor degree in Kazakhstan typically spans four years or eight full semesters for full-time students. These basic higher education degrees provide students with the required fundamentals specific to their chosen field of study.

·Specialist Degree. The Specialist degree or diploma, which generally spans five years in duration, includes specialized education that is a bit more intensive than the normal Bachelor degree.

·Masters Degree. Scientific-pedagogical education in Kazakhstan can lead to a Master’s degree, which typically spans an additional two years in duration after the Bachelor or Specialist degree.

·Doctoral Degree. Doctoral degrees, leading to the Doctor of Science or PhD degree, can span anywhere from two to five years after the Master’s degree.

Universities in Kazakhstan are typically headed up by a rector, appointed by the President of the nation, who wields considerable authority over the institution, approving all decisions including those regarding curriculum, personnel, and admission. This chain of command makes the universities in Kazakhstan much more centralized than their Western counterparts.