Synthetic and analytical means of form-building. The problem of a word-morpheme.

Gr. forms are classed into synthetic and analytical.

Synthetical gr.forms are realized by the inner morphemic composition of the w, while the analytical forms are built up by at least 2 w-s one of which is auxiliary, the other – the w. with proper lexical m-ing,

Synthetical forms are built by

a) inner inflexion

b) out inflexion

c) suppletivity

A – is used in irregular verbs and some nouns to form plurality, in other w-s we called sound-interchange

C – is used in the verbs be, go and some irregular degrees of comparison.

These two ways aren’t productive in English.

B (affixation)- is a productive means of w. building in English.

Analytical forms include a w-morpheme and notional element (is writing).

Analytical forms are contradictory units. They are w. combinations in form and w. forms in function. The w-morpheme is a lexical empty element (has done: has only expresses 3 person sing). The notional element expresses both grammatical and lexical m-ing. Thus grammatical m-ing is expressed by the combination of 2 components. There are several criteria of their recognition:

1. the grammatical m-ing is built to the basic of a w. combination of all components of all the forms. Each component in isolation does not possess the total m-ing of a given form.

2. among the components of the analytical form there are no syntactic relations.

3. syntactic relations are possible for the whole form in total with other members.

4. in the paradigm of the w. there must be at least one synthetic form.

5. the 1st component of the analytical form loses its lexical m-ing and can be contracted.

8. The main notions of grammar: a lexeme, a grammeme, grammatical m-ing, grammatical form, a paradigm.

In the l-ge system each unit is included to set of connection which are based on properties.

Child, children, child’s, children’s have the same lexical m-ing, they constitute lexeme.

The w. forms boys, mice, phenomena, teeth have the same grammatical m-ing of plurality and they constitute grammeme.

The system of all the forms of all lexemes of a given class constitute a paradigm.

The grammatical m-ing is a very general, abstract m-ing. It’s confide to an individual w. it’s expressed by special grammatical form.

The grammatical m-ing depends on the lexical m-ing and is connected with objective reality in most cases indirectly (опосредственно). That’s why we nay say the gr.m-ing is relative. It’s revealed by w. forms. The gr.m-ing is obligatory if the speaker wants to be understood properly.