Bacterial infections are often treated with medications such as an… .

a) anticeptics b) alcohol c) antibiotics d) antihistamines

e) antocoagulants

Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary:

Exercise 2. Read and translate the following words:

Reoperate; regroup; remake; rebuild; recover; remove; recurring; return; reinvasion; reaction.

Exercise 3. Complete the table with the words from the text derived from the following words:

Exercise 4. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following word-combinations:

Licensed medicines; follow a standard format; clinical pharmacology; absorb and eliminate; results of various clinical trials; medication's effect on various populations; physical impairments and drug interactions; cause physical dependence; results of an overdose; storage information, to be grouped into, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular drugs, drug leaflet.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

PACKAGE INSERTS

Pharmacology is the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drugs: their preparation and properties, uses and effects. Drug is a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease. Drug or medicines are grouped into several classes depending on their pharmacological effects on the body, target organs or systems, etc. For example, there are a wide variety of cardiovascular drugs, gastrointestinal drugs, neuropharmacologic drugs, antibiotics, neoplastic drugs, hormones, and others. Before taking any medicine, patient should learn all information about it that giving into package insert.

Package Inserts or Patient information leaflets (drug leaflet) are leaflets containing specific information about medical conditions, doses, side effects that packed with medicines to give the user information about the product. Patient information leaflets are written by the manufacturing pharmaceutical company. All licensed medicines need to carry such a leaflet.

Package inserts follow a standard format for every medication and include the same types of information. The first thing listed is usually the brand name and generic name of the product. The other sections are as follows:

Clinical pharmacology - tells how the medicine works in the body, how it is absorbed and eliminated, and what its effects are likely to be at various concentrations. It may also contain results of various clinical trials (studies) and/or explanations of the medication's effect on various populations (e.g. children, women, etc.).

Indications and usage - uses (indications) for which the drug has been approved (e.g. migraines, seizures, high blood pressure).

Contraindications - lists situations in which the medication should not be used, for example in patients with other medical conditions such as kidney problems or allergies.

Warnings - covers possible serious side effects that may occur.

Precautions - explains how to use the medication safely including physical impairments and drug interactions.

Adverse reactions - lists all side effects observed in all studies of the drug (as opposed to just the dangerous side effects which are separately listed in " Warnings" section).

Drug abuse and dependence - provides information regarding whether prolonged use of the medication can cause physical dependence (only included if applicable).

Overdosage - gives the results of an overdose and provides recommended action in such cases.

Dosage and administration - gives recommended dosage(s); may list more than one for different conditions or different patients (e.g., lower dosages for children).

Physical properties - explains in detail the physical characteristics of the medication including color, shape, markings, etc., and storage information (e.g., " Do not store above 95°").

Exercise 6. Answer the following questions to the text:

1. What is pharmacology?

2. What is a package insert?

3. What are the main sections of an information leaflet?

4. What does the section Indications and Usage contain?

5. What does the section Contraindications list?

6. What does the section Precautions explain?

7. What does the section Overdosage give?

8. Which section explains in detail the physical characteristics of the medication including color, shape, markings, etc., and storage information?

Exercise 7. Match the terms with their definitions:

Exercise 8. Read the definitions and fill in the blanks with the name of disease below:

1. ____________is the use of a drug for a nontherapeutic effect.

2. ____________ is the condition resulting from an excessive dose.

3. ____________ is the reason to prescribe a drug or perform a procedure.

4. ____________ is unexpected, serious symptoms coinciding with the administration of a drug.

5. __________ is any property used to characterize matter.

6. ____________ is the factor that renders the administration of a drug or the carrying out of a medical procedure inadvisable.

7. ____________ is explanation of the medication's effect on various populations.

8. ____________is an action taken in advance to protect against possible danger, failure, or injury.

Exercise 9. Find the English equivalents to the following word-combinations:

Анотації до лікарських засобів; медичні умови; побічні дії; фармацевтична компанія виробник; непатентована назва лікарського засобу; зареєстрована патентована назва лікарського засобу; поглинати та видаляти; результати різних клінічних дослідів; схвалені ліки; взаємодія ліків; визивати фізичну залежність; інформація щодо зберігання.

Exercise 10. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions:

Pharmacology is the branch … medicine and biology concerned … the study of drugs. Drug or medicines are grouped … several classes depending … their pharmacological effects … the body. Patient information leaflets are written … the manufacturing pharmaceutical company. Package inserts follow a standard format … every medication and include the same types … information.

Exercise 11. Read, translate and decide which sections:

1. Zaditen is an antiasthmatic drug with marked antianaphylactic properties and a spe­cific antihistaminic effect.

2. Following oral administration, Fosiopril is absorbed slowly.

3. Daflon treats venous insufficiently and oedema of venous origin by reinforcing the walls of veins.

4. Atrovent is indicated as a bronchodilator for maintenance treatment of bronchospasm.

5. Eye drops may be used for the prevention of ocular infection after removal of a corneal or conjuctival foreign body.

6. Phenergan is indicated in many allergic disorders and anaphylactic reactions including hay fever, urticaria and sensitization reactions of various drugs.

7. Dosage should be adjusted according to blood pressure response.

8. If immediate action is required, the cap­sule could be chewed and held in mouth.

9. Take half of the tablet twice daily or 1 capsule in the evening only for children under 3.

10. The use of Unasyn is contraindicated in individuals with a history of hypersensitivity to any of the penicillins.

Exercise 12. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Tablets Noroxin should be stored in a tightly closed container.

2. The expiration date is nfentioned on the package.

3. Renal function should be closely moni­tored, as it may be further impaired by the use of antihypertensive drugs.

4. Prolonged use of antibiotics may give rise to overgrowth of nonsusceptible microorganisms and fungi.

5. Pantrisin ophthalmic solution and ointment are incompatible with other preparations.

6. Kesalamine produces an acute intolerance syndrome characterized by acute abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea.

7. Tachycardia and blood pressure generally subside after a few days.

8. Zocar may cause fatal harm when admin­istered to a pregnant woman.

Exercise 13. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form:

1. Isocard (to contraindicate) in patients sensitive to the drug.

2. Hypersensitivity to atropine or its derivatives (to report).

3. Mesalanine is 5-amino-2-hydroxybensoic acid, and it (to classify) as an anti-inflammatory drug.

4. Benazepril hydrochloride (to be) soluble in water, in methanol.

5. Zocor is a cholesterol lowering agent that (to derive) synthetically from a fermentation product of Aspergillus terreus.

6. Cetax (to indicate) for the treatment of patient with genitourinary infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms.

7. Suppositories (to indicate) for the treatment of active ulcerative proctitis.

8. Weight gain occasionally (to report).

Exercise 14. Make a summary of the package insert below, comment on the properties, composition, mechanism of action, indication, dosage and use, contraindications, side effects, storage and term of validity of the drug:

MAGASIL (MIXTURE)

COMPOSITION:

Each 10 mLof mixture contains:

PHARMACOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION:

Antacids (acid neutralizers)

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION:

Acid neutralising, diminish activity of pepsin in gastric secretion.

INDICATIONS:

For the relief of acid ingestion, heartburn, hyperacidity, dyspepsia, gastritis and reflux oesophagitis

CONTRA-INDICATIONS:

Sensitivity to any of the active ingredients

WARNINGS:

Do not use this product if you are on a sodium-restricted diet, or suffer from hypertension, of heart failure, except under the advice and supervision of a doctor.

DOSAGE AND DIRECTIONS FOR USE:

Adults: two to four medicine measurefuls every four hours.

Do not use the maximum dosage of this product for more than 2 (two) weeks, except under the advice and supervision of a medical practitioner, or use as directed by a doctor.

SIDE EFFECTS AND SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS:

May cause diarrhea. Release of carbon dioxide may cause discomfort. MAGASIL may interfere with the absorption of other medicines if taken concomitantly.

Sodium bicarbonate can cause stomach cramps and flatulence. Excessive administration of sodium bicarbonate may lead to metabolic alkalosis, especially in patients with impaired renal function. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, muscle weakness and mental disturbances such as restlessness, convulsions and coma. Sodium bicarbonate should be administered extremely cautiously to patients with congestive heart failure, renal impairment, and cirrhosis of the liver or hypertension and to patients receiving corticosteroids.

IDENTIFICATION:

A white homogenous mixture with a slight peppermint flavor

PRESENTATION:

Brown plastic containers of 100 mL, 200 mL, 500 mL, and 2.5 litres

STORAGE INSTRUCTIONS:

Store in a cool, dark place below 25º C.

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN

Exercise 15. Put the sentences into the correct order to explain the term “package insert”:

__ All licensed medicines need to carry such a leaflet.

__ The first thing listed is usually the brand name and generic name of the product.

__ Patient information leaflets are written by the manufacturing pharmaceutical company.

__ The main sections of package insert are clinical pharmacology, indications and usage, contraindications, warnings, precautions, adverse reactions, drug abuse, overdosage, dosage and administration, physical properties.

__ Package Inserts or Patient information leaflets (drug leaflet) are leaflets containing specific information about medicines.

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

Test

1. …are leaflets containing specific information about medical conditions, doses, side effects that packed with medicines to give the user information about the product.

a) prescriptions b) recommendations c) instructions d) package inserts e) administrations

2. Patient information leaflets are written by …

a) the physician b) the manufacturing pharmaceutical company c) the chemist d) the nurse e) the district doctor

3. The first thing listed in a package insert is usually … of the product.

a) the dosage b) the contraindications c) the brand name and generic name d) the side effects e) indications

4. …tells how the medicine works in the body, how it is absorbed and eliminated, and what its effects are likely to be at various concentrations.

a) Section Warnings b) Section Clinical Pharmacology

c) Section Overdosage d) Section Physical properties

e) Section Contraindication

5. Section Indication and Usage includes…

a) possible side effects of the drug

b) situations in which the medication should not be used

c) uses (indications) for which the drug has been approved

d) information regarding whether prolonged use of the medication can cause physical dependence

e) explanation how to use the medication safely including physical impairments and drug interactions

6. Section Contraindications lists…

a) possible side effects of the drug

b) situations in which the medication should not be used

c) uses (indications) for which the drug has been approved

d) information regarding whether prolonged use of the medication can cause physical dependence

e) explanation how to use the medication safely including physical impairments and drug interactions

7. Section Dosage and administration includes…

a) uses (indications) for which the drug has been approved

b) situations in which the medication should not be used

c) information regarding whether prolonged use of the medication can cause physical dependence

d) recommended dosage(s)

e) explanation how to use the medication safely including physical impairments and drug interactions

8. Section Precautions explains…

a) the physical characteristics of the medication including color, shape, markings, etc., and storage information

b) how to use the medication safely including physical impairments and drug interactions

c) what should be done in case of overdosage

d) what side effects may occur

e) recommended dosage(s)

9. Section Physical properties explains …

a) what side effects may occur

b) the physical characteristics of the medication including color, shape, markings, etc., and storage information

c) what should be done in case of overdosage

d) what side effects may occur

e) what recommended dosage(s)

10. Section Overdosage gives …

a) the physical characteristics of the medication including color, shape, markings, etc., and storage information

b) recommended dosage(s)

c) situations in which the medication should not be used

d) the results of an overdose and provides recommended action in such cases

e) explanation how to use the medication safely including physical impairments and drug interactions

Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary: