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Äðóãèå ïðåäëîãè
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| BY | Compared to |
| · How we do something: Send smth. by post, by hand Pay by cheque/ by credit car Happen smth by mistake/ by accident/by chance | Pay in cash |
| · Travel By car/ by train/ by plane/by boat/ by ship/ by bus/ by bicycle/ by road/ by rail/ by air/ by sea/ by underground | In a car/ in my car/ in a taxi On the train, on the bus, on the bicycle/ on the 6.45 train On foot |
| · Done by somebody Bitten by a dog/ watched by millions of people The play by Shakespeare, a painting by Rembrandt, a novel by Tolstoy | With a spoon/ with a fork/ with a knife With a key, etc. |
| · By means ‘next to, beside’ Come and sit by me (=beside me) Where is the light switch? – By the door. | |
| · Clare’s salary has just gone by 100/ten per cent. Roger and John had a race over 100 metres. Roger won by about five metres. |
By or with?
We use by when we talk about an action – what we do to get a result.
We use with when we talk about a tool or other object – what we use to get a result.
e.g. I killed the spider by hitting it. I killed the spider with a shoe.
Passive He was killed by a heavy stone (person or thing that does the action. ‘A stone fell and killed him’)
He was killed with a heavy stone (a tool or instrument used by smb. ‘Smb. used a stone fell to kill him’)
Noun + Preposition
| Noun + FOR | Noun + OF | Noun + IN | Noun + TO | Noun + With/Between |
| · A check for... They sent me a check for $ 75. · A demand for/ a need for The firm closed down because there wasn’t enough demand for its products. · A reason for… The train was late but nobody knew the reason for the delay. | · An advantage/ a disadvantage of... The advantage of living alone is that you can do what you want. (But we say: There’s an advantage in/to doing smth. There are many advantages in/to living alone) · A cause of... Nobody knows what the cause of the explosion was. · A photograph of/ a picture of/ a plan of/ a drawing of... She showed me some photographs of her family. | · An increase in/ a decrease in/ a rise in/ a fall in (prices, etc.) There has been an increase in the number of road accidents recently. There was a big fall in sales. | · Damage to The accident was my fault, so I had to pay for the damage to the other car. · An invitation to (a party/ a wedding, etc.) Did you get an invitation to the party? · A solution to (a problem)/ a key to (a door)/ an answer to (a question)/ a reply to (a letter)/ a reaction to... Do you think we’ll find a solution to the problem? · An attitude to/towards His attitude to/towards his job is very negative. | · A relationship/ a connection/ contact with Do you have a good relationship with your parents? The police want to question a man in connection with the robbery. BUT: a relationship/ a connection/ contact/ a difference between two things or people The police believe that there is no connection between the two crimes. There are some differences between British and American English. |
Preposition + Noun
| On business, on holiday, on a journey, on a trip, on a tour | We are on a coach tour of Europe. | |
| In cash, by check, by credit card | It’s cheaper if you pay in cash. Can I pay by credit card? | |
| In writing, in pen/biro, in felt-tip pen, in pencil, in ink | Could you confirm this in writing? | |
| For sale, on the market | The house next door is for sale. It’s the best hi-fi on the market. | |
| On TV, on the radio, on the phone, on the Internet | Mark is at the phone at the moment. | |
| On the whole, in general | On the whole, it’s a good idea but... People in general aren’t very much interested in politics. | |
| In advance, up to date (ñîâðåìåííûé; íîâåéøèé), out of date (óñòàðåëûé) | The company wants us to pay for the goods in advance. Oh, no! My passport is out of date! These latest figures are up to date | |
| In my opinion, from my point of view | All sport is silly in my opinion. Mathew never sees things from Emma’s point of view. | |
| On purpose, by mistake, by chance, by accident | I pressed the wrong button by mistake. We didn’t arrange to meet. We met by chance in the street. | |
| On the way – ïî ïóòè, ïî äîðîãå | I’m driving into town. I’ll get some petrol on the way. On the way home, he dropped in a shop to buy something for a meal. | |
| In the way – ìåøàòü | We couldn’t get past because there was a car in the way. | |
| By air/bicycle/bike/boat/bus/car/coach/taxi/tube/ferry (ïàðîì)/ helicopter/hovercraft (òð. ñð-âî íà âîçäóøíîé ïîäóøêå) /plane/rail/sea/ ship/train | ||
| In the car/my car/your car/a helicopter/a taxi | On my bicycle/bike, the boat, the bus, the ferry, the hovercraft, the plane, the ship, the train | |
Noun + Preposition
| A way of travelling An answer to (the problem) An interest in (smth) Your ability in maths A cheap alternative to leather. An attack on the government My attitude to/towards him. A belief in God. Some damage to the car. A difficulty over/with visa. | The cause of the accident. The cost of living. An example of this Some experience of selling An expert on computers No hope of winning An invitation to the party. Some knowledge of Greek A lack of money Something the matter with you | Your opinion of the film The price of food The reason for the delay Respect for the environment A student of chemistry A substitute for meat Success at golf/in my search A tax on alcohol Having trouble with my teeth A new method of storing data |
| Connection, difference; increase, reduction | One thing has a link with another: A connection with another crime His relationship with Emma The contrast with yesterday’s weather IN: before the thing that is increasing or decreasing An increase/rise in the price A reduction/fall in the number of unemployed | There is a link between two things: A connection between the two crimes The relationship between him and Emma The contrast/difference between town and country OF: before the amount of the increase or decrease An increase/rise of 10 pounds A reduction /fall of 3 % |
| Need, wish Nouns meaning 'need', 'wish' or 'request' can have forafter them. | There’s a need for more houses Appetite for Need for Taste for Application for | There was no demand for the product Demand for Desire for Preference for Request for Wish for |
Good, bad to (attitude to others)
| To talk about a person's ability, we use good at, bad at, etc. Good at tennis Brilliant at crosswords Bad at games Hopeless at cooking | To talk about whether something makes you healthy or ill, we use good forand bad for. Oranges are good for you Smoking is bad for you | For behaviour towards another person, we use good to, kind to, nice to, polite toand rude to. My friends have been good to me. You were very rude to the waitress. |
| Some more expressions with other Accustomed to (the noise) Aware of (the facts) Capable of (looking after myself) Famous for (her film roles) Ready for (the big day) | adjectives Fit for (work) Full of (water) Guilty of(murder) Involved in (a project) Prepared for (action) Used to (the traffic) | Responsible for (running a business) Safe from (attack) The same as (before) Similar to (my idea) Typical of (David) |
Adjective + Preposition
| · It was nice of smb. to do smth Kind/good/generous/polite/ silly/ stupid. It’s stupid of her to go out on such cold weather. · To be nice / kind/ good/ generous/ polite/ friendly/ cruel, etc tosmb. They have always been very kind/nice to me. Why were you so unfriendly to Tessa? | · adjective + about angry/annoyed/furious about smth. BUT angry/annoyed/furious with smb. forsmth. It’s stupid to get angry about things that don’t matter. Are you annoyed with me for being late? · Excited/ worried/ upset/ nervous/ happy aboutsmth. Carol is upset about not being invited to the party. · Delighted / pleased/ satisfied/disappointed withsmth. I was delighted with the present he gave me. Were you disappointed with your exam results? | · Adj. + at/by/with Surprised / shocked/ amazed/ astonished AT/BY smth. Everybody was surprised at /by the news. I hope you weren’t shocked at/by what I said. · Impressed with/by I am very impressed with/by her French. It’s very good. · Fed up/bored with I don’t enjoy my job any more. I’m fed up with it. /’m bored with it. | · Sorry about smth. I’m sorry about the noise last night. We were having a party. · Sorry for doing smth. I’m sorry for shouting at you yesterday. · I’m sorry I (did). I’m sorry I shouted at you yesterday. · I feel sorry for... I feel sorry for George. He has a lot of problems. |
Adjective + preposition (2)
| Adj. + of | Adj. + of | Adj. + at/to/from/in/on/ with/for |
| · Afraid of/frightened of/ terrified of/ scared of (èñïóãàííûé)... Are you afraid of dogs? – Yes, I’m terrified of them. · Fond of/ proud of/ ashamed of/ jealous of/ envious of (çàâèäóþùèé) Why are you so jealous of other people? · Suspicious of/ critical of/ tolerant of He didn’t trust me. He was suspicious of my intentions. | · Aware of/conscious of Did you know he was married? – No, I wasn’t aware of that. · Capable of/ incapable of Are you sure you are capable of passing the examinations? · Full of/ short of The letter he wrote was full of mistakes. I’m a bit of short of money. Can you lend me some? · Typical of He’s late again. It’s typical of him to keep everybody waiting. · Tired of Come on, let’s go. I’m tired of waiting. · Certain of / sure of/about... I think she’s arriving this evening but I’m not sure of that(about that). | · AT: good at/ bad at/ excellent at/ brilliant at/ hopeless at I’m not very good at repairing things. · Married/ engaged to Linda is married to an American. Linda is married with three children. (she is married and has 3 children) · Similar to... Your writing is similar to mine. · Different from... The film was different from what I’d expected. (or different to what I’d expected. · Interested in... Are you interested in art? · Keen on... We stayed at home because Kathy wasn’t very keen on going out. · Dependent on... I don’t want to be dependent on anybody. · Crowded with... The city centre was crowded with tourists. (full of tourists) · Famous for... The Italian city of Florence is famous for its art treasures. · Responsible for... Who was responsible for all that noise last night? |
Prepositional verbs
A prepositional verb is a verb + preposition
I’m waiting for you. The dog belongs to us. The preposition always goes before the object.
In questions the preposition usually goes at the end of the sentence. E.g. Who are you waiting for?
Some verbs can go with a number of prepositions: I’m looking at these photos. I’m looking for my ticket. I’m looking after the children while their parents are out. The police are looking into the matter. (èçó÷àòü)
| Verb + at | Verb + to | Verb + at/to | Explain/describe/apologise |
| · Look at/ have a look at / stare at/ glance at, etc. Why are you looking at me like that? · Laugh at/ smile at. I look stupid with this haircut. Everybody will laugh at me. · Aim at/ point at (smth.)/ shoot at/ fire (a gun) at. Don’t point that knife at me. It’s dangerous. We saw some people with guns shooting at birds. | · Talk to/ speak to (with – less usual) Who was that man you were talking to? Can I speak to Jane, please? · Listen to We spent the evening listening to music · Write (a letter) to... Sorry I haven’t written to you for such a long time. · But phone/telephone smb. Did you phone your father yesterday? · Invite smb. to (a party, celebration, etc.) They only invited a few people to their wedding. | · Shout at smb. (when you are angry) She got very angry and started shouting at me. · Shout to smb. (so that they can hear you) She shouted to me from the other side of the street. · Throw smth. at smb./smth (in order to hit them) Somebody threw an egg at the minister. · Throw smth to smb. (for smb. to catch) Judy shouted’ Catch! ’ and threw the keys to me from the window. | · Explain smth. to smb. Can you explain this word to me? Also explain to smb. that /what/how/why... I explained to them what I wanted them to do. · Describe to smb. Let me describe to you what I saw. · Apologise to smb. for smth. He apoligised to me. · Thank smb. for smth. He thanked me for the present. · Ask smb. for smth. He asked me for money. But He asked me a few questions. |
Verb + preposition (2)
| Verb + about | Care about/for/take care of | Verb + for | Look for/look after |
| · Talk about/read about/tell smb. about/have a discussion about We talked about a lot of things at the meeting. · Discuss smth (no preposition) We discussed at lot of things at the meeting. · Do smth about smth. (to improve a bad situation) If you’re worried about the problem, you should do something about it. | · Care about smb/smth. (ëþáèòü; áåñïîêîèòüñÿ) He is very selfish. He doesn’t care about other people. · Care what/where/how... You can do what you like. I don’t care what you do. · Care for smb/smth. 1) Like smth: Would you care for a cup of coffee? (=Would you like…) I don’t care for very hot weather. (= I don’t like). 2) look after smb. Albert is 85 and lives alone. He needs someone to care for him. · Take care of... (look after). Have a nice holiday. Take care of yourself! (look after yourself) | · Ask (smb.) for. I wrote to the company asking them for more information about the job. BUT I asked her a question. They asked me the ay to the station. · Apply TO (a person, a company, etc.) FOR (job, etc) I think this job would suit you. Why don’t you apply for it. · Wait for.../wait for smth to happen. Don’t wait for me. I’ll join your later. I’m not going out yet. I’m waiting for the rain to stop. · Search a person/ a place/ a bag, etc. I’ve searched (the house) for my keys but I still can’t find them. · Leave a place for (another place) I haven’t seen her since she left (home) for work this morning. | · Look for (=search for, try to find). I’ve lost my keys. Can you help me to look for them? · Look after (take care of) Albert is 85 and lives alone. He needs somebody to look after him. You can borrow this book if you promise to look after it. |
Verb + preposition (3) ABOUT/OF
| · Dream about: (âèäåòü âî ñíå) I dreamt about you last night (when I was asleep) · Dream of doing smth/being smth I often dream of being rich. (ìå÷òàòü, ãðåçèòü) Don’t tell anyone what I said. No, I wouldn’t dream of it (I would never do it) | · Hear about: (be told about smth) Did you hear about the fight in the club on Saturday night? · Hear of: (know that smb/smth exists) Who is Tom Madley? – I’ve no idea. I’ve never heard of him. · Hear from (receive a letter or a phone call from somebody) Have you heard from Jane recently? | · Think about (concentrate one’s mind) You look serious. What are you thinking about? · Think of (an idea comes to one’s mind) What did you think of the film? – I didn’t think much of it. He told me his name but I can’t think of it now. When I’m alone, I often think of/about you. · Think of/about doing something: My sister is thinking of/about going to Canada. | · Remind smb. about (tell smb. not to forget): I’m glad you reminded me about the meeting. Remind smb. of (cause smb. to remember): This house reminds me of the one I lived in when I was a child. | · Complain to smb. about smth. (say that you are not satisfied): We complained to the manager about the food. · Complain of a pain, an illness, etc. (say that you have a pain etc) We called the doctor because he complained of a pain in his stomach. | · Warn smb. of/about a danger, smth. which might happen: Everybody has been warned of/about the dangers of smoking. · Warn smb. about smb./smth which is dangerous, unusual: Vicky warned us about the traffic. I knew he was a strange person. I had been warned about him. |
Verb + preposition (4) OF/FOR/FROM/ON
| Verb + of | Verb + for | Verb + from | Verb + on |
| · Accuse/ suspect smb. of... Sue accused me of being selfish. · Approve of... His parents don’t approve of what he does, but they can’t stop him. · Die of (an illness) What did he die of? A heart attack. · Consist of... We had an enormous meal. It consisted of seven courses. | · Pay (smb.) for... I didn’t have enough money to pay(the waiter) for the meal. BUT: pay the bill/ a fine/ a tax/ a fare/ rent/ a sum of money, etc. I didn’t have enough money to pay my telephone bill. ·Thank/ forgive smb. for I’ll never forgive them for what they did. · Apologise (to smb.) for... When I realised I was wrong, I apologised (to them) for my mistake. · Blame smb/smth for... Everybody blamed me for the accident. Also: smb. is to blame for... Everybody said I was to blame for the accident. Also: blame smth. on... Everybody blamed the accident on me. | · Suffer from (an illness) The number of people suffering from heart has increased. · Protect smb. from / against... Sun oil can protect the skin from the sun (against the sun). | · Depend on/ rely on... What time will you arrive? I don’t know. It depends on the traffic. You can rely on Jill She always keeps her promises. You can use depend + when/where/how, etc. with or without on: It depends how much it is/ it depends on how much it is. · Live on (money/food) George’s salary is very low. It isn’t enough to live on. · Congratulate (someone) on... /compliment smb. on I congratulated her on her success in the exam. |
Verb + preposition (5) IN/INTO/WITH/TO/ON
| Verb + IN | Verb + INTO | Verb + WITH | Verb + TO | Verb +ON |
| · Believe in... Do you believe in God? I believe in saying what I think. · Specialise in... Helen is a lawyer. She specialises in company law. · Succeed in... I hope you succeed in finding the job you want. | · Break into... Our house was broken into a few days ago but nothing was stolen. · Crash/ drive/bump/ run into... He lost control of the car and crashed into a wall. · Divide/ cut/split smth. into (two or more parts) The book is divided into three parts. Cut the meat into small pieces before frying it. · Translate (a book, etc) from one language into another: George Orwell’s books have been translated into many languages. | · Collide with... There was an accident this morning. A bus collided with a car. · Fill smth with (but full of)... Take the saucepan and fill it with water. · Provide supply smb. with... The school provides all its students with books. | · Happen to... What happened to that gold watch you used to have? · Prefer one thing/person to another... I prefer tea to coffee | · Concentrate on... Don’t look out of the window. Concentrate on your work. · Insist on... I wanted to go alone but they insisted on coming with me. · Spend money on... How much money do you spend on food each week. |