Block 2. Topics for discussion

1. Semi-finished meat. Semi-finished meat are products which prepared for cooking. The main raw material for the manufacture of meat products are meat of various kinds. Some semi-finished products were prepared by using flour, eggs, bread and spices. Depending on the method of processing and culinary destination is divided into semi-finished products, natural, breaded and chopped. For semi-finished products also include minced meat, dumplings, sets of poultry meat.

Natural semi-finished products are made primarily from fresh meat. Divides them into portions, small-sized and large-sized

Minced meat areproduced in the store and meat processing plants of trimmed meat. Cooked beef in the store sell only chilled. Stuffing, cooked on the meat industry, packed in parchment, cellophane or other film and shaped into bars weighing up to 250 g

Dumplings made from high-quality wheat flour, trimmed meat, onion, egg products. The dough is prepared from wheat flour with the addition of eggs, egg powder or mé lange and salt. Dumplings are formed on high performance machines, frozen at a temperature no higher than -15 ° C, and then packaged. Depending on the recipe are made dumplings Russian, Siberian, pork, beef, mutton, etc.

The quality of semi-finished products judged by appearance, texture, taste, smell. Measurement methods determine the moisture content of bread and salt. Freshness of semi-finished products are determined as well as the freshness of meat. The surface of the semi-finished products must be without damage, form - the non-deformed and the corresponding product names.

2. Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Because light is an electromagnetic wave, other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves exhibit similar properties.

Classical optics. Before the advent of quantum optics optics as a whole it was based on classical electromagnetism. Classical optics divides into two main branches: geometric optics and physical optics.

Geometrical optics. Geometrical optics (ray optics) does not deal with the question of the nature of light, and is based only on empirical laws of its distribution. The central concept of geometric optics with which describes the propagation of light, - the light beam, which is a line along which light energy is transferred. In a homogeneous optical medium light rays are straight lines.

Physical optics. Physical optics or wave optics builds on Huygens' principle and models the propagation of complex fronts pulse through the optical system, including the amplitude and phase of the wave. This section explains the optical diffraction, interference, polarization effects, the nature of aberration and other complex effects.

Modern optics. Modern optics encompasses the field of optical science and research, which have become popular in the XX century. These areas of optical science mainly deal with the electromagnetic or quantum properties of light, but include other areas.

Physiological optics. Physiological optics - an interdisciplinary science of visual perception of the world. It brings together information on biophysics, biochemistry and psychology of visual perception.

X-ray optics. X-ray optics - a branch of applied optics, studying the processes of propagation of X-rays in the environment and to develop elements for X-ray devices. X-ray optics, in contrast to the usual treats electromagnetic waves in the wavelength range of X-10-4 to 100 Å (from 10-14 to 10-8 m) and gamma radiations < 10-4 Å.

№14 НҰ СҚ А/ВАРИАНТ

1 Oscillations and waves. Wobble is the process in which the motion or state of the system is regularly repeated in time. Most clearly demonstrates an oscillatory process swinging pendulum, but the fluctuations inherent in almost all natural phenomena. Oscillatory processes are characterized by the following physical quantities.

Any periodic oscillation of the most complicated forms can be represented as the sum of a finite number of harmonic oscillations and aperiodic (eg, pulse) - infinite number of them (Fourier's theorem).

The system derived from the balance and to itself, makes available, or natural vibrations, whose frequency is determined by the physical parameters of the system. Natural oscillations can also be represented as a sum of the harmonic, so-called normal modes or events.

Excitation of the oscillation can occur in three ways. If a periodic force acts system, changing with frequency f (pendulum swing periodic bursts), the system will vary from that - forced - frequency. When the frequency of the driving force f is equal to or a multiple of the natural frequency of the system n, there is a resonance - a sharp increase in the amplitude of oscillations.

2 Efficiency of power plant. Electricity is produced in power plants through the use of energy, hidden in a variety of natural resources.

Types of thermal power plants

By type of generated energy and releases thermal power plants are divided into two main types: condensing intended only to produce electricity and district heating, or combined heat and power (CHP). Condensing power plants running on fossil fuel, building near its mining sites, and the heat and power plant is placed near the heat consumers - industrial enterprises and residential areas. CHP also working on organic fuel, but unlike IES produce both electric and thermal energy in the form of hot water and steam for industrial purposes and district heating. The main types of fuel these plants are: solid - stone coal, anthracite, poluantratsit, brown coal, peat, shale; Liquid - fuel oil and gaseous fuels - natural gas, coke oven, blast furnace, etc. gas.

№15 НҰ СҚ А/ВАРИАНТ

1 Importance of machine building for national economy Mechanical Engineering - the largest complex industry which determines the level of scientific and technical progress in the national economy, as it provides all branches of machinery, equipment, appliances, and the population - commodities. Also includes metalworking repair of machinery and equipment. For it is especially characteristic of increasing specialization of production and the expansion of its scope.

In engineering, there is a chronological classification. Stand out the latest industry emerged in the second half of the XX century. First of all, this branch of higher floors of mechanical engineering: electronics, radio engineering, robotics, aerospace industry and other new industries that emerged in the second half of the XIX and first half of XX century.: aircraft and service vehicles, and parovozo- teplovozostroenie production. equipment for many sectors of the economy and industry, and others. The old branches that have arisen in the XVIII century and the first half of the XIX century. It includes the production of metal products for the primary sectors of the economy - agriculture, forestry, mining.

Increasingly important in our time, new forms of cooperation between the two countries.

Meaning of machine-building complex can not be overestimated. Its most important task - implementation of scientific and technological progress, ensuring comprehensive mechanization and automation of production, the supply of economic sectors with new equipment, the satisfaction of the population with modern consumer goods.

2 Types of heat exchanger The heat exchanger - a technical device, in which the heat exchange between two media having different temperatures.

The operating principle of heat exchangers are divided into recuperators and regenerators. The recuperators moving heat transfer fluids separated by a wall. This type includes most of the heat exchangers of different designs. In regenerative heat exchangers, hot and cold heat transfer fluids in contact with the same surface one by one. The heat is accumulated in the wall in contact with the hot coolant and is given by contact with the cold, such as a Cowper blast furnaces.

Heat exchangers are used in technological processes of oil refining, petrochemical, chemical, nuclear power, refrigeration, gas and other industries in the energy and utilities sector.

From the conditions of the application depends on the heat exchanger design. There are apparatuses in which heat transfer occur simultaneously with and related processes, such as phase transformation, for example, condensation, evaporation, mixing. Such devices have their own names: condensers, evaporators, cooling towers, condensers mixing.

Depending on the direction of flow recuperative heat exchangers may be parallel to the ram when moving in one direction, a parallel countercurrent oncoming traffic, as well as the transverse movement of two mutually interacting media.

№16 НҰ СҚ А/ВАРИАНТ

1 New materials in machine-building

2 Condensed matter physics Condensed matter physics - a large branch of physics that studies the behavior of complex systems (ie, systems with many degrees of freedom) with a strong bond. The principal feature of the evolution of such systems lies in the fact that it (the evolution of the system) is not possible to " split" on the evolution of the individual particles. " Understand" is necessary to the whole system as a whole. As a result, often instead of the motion of individual particles have to consider the collective oscillations. In the quantum description of the collective degrees of freedom are quasiparticles.

Condensed Matter Physics - Physics of the richest region in terms of mathematical models, and from the point of view of applications to reality. Condensed Matter with a variety of properties are found everywhere: conventional liquid crystals and amorphous substances, materials with complex internal structure (which include soft condensed matter), quantum liquids (electron liquid in a metal, neutron - in neutron stars, superfluid environment, nuclear kernel), spin chains, magnetic moments, complex networks, and so on. d. Most of their properties are so complex and multifaceted that you have to pre-treat their simplified mathematical models. As a result of the search and examination of exactly solvable mathematical models of condensed matter it has become one of the most active areas in the Condensed Matter Physics.

The main areas of research:

Mechanics of continua

Electrodynamics of Continuous Media

Solid State Physics

Physics of fluids

mesoscopic physics

Soft condensed matter

Quantum Hall effect

Superconductivity

Strongly correlated systems

Spin chains

High-temperature superconductivity

The physics of disordered systems

№17 НҰ СҚ А/ВАРИАНТ

1 Equipment for metallurgy. Production - engineering companies use a lot of different metallurgical equipment, such as:

v Tube mills:

· Roll piercing mill for firmware billet 80-270 mm in diameter and for flashing bars with diameter 350-600 mm

· Tube mill, automatic rolling mill for hot rolling tube. Rolling of pipes with diameter 57-426 mm of a wide assortment

· Continuous rolling mills longitudinal two-roll stands for rolling of thin-wall pipes with diameter 57-114 mm

· Pilger mills for thick-walled pipes with diameter 57-550 mm

v Electric pipe-welding mills

· The equipment for continuous hot casting, forming in the rotating drive roller assemblies in a continuous furnace pipe welding

· Spiral forming machines, used for pipes with diameter of 76-1420 mm, most advisable to use it for large-diameter pipes (over 426 mm)

· Reducing mill, used for welded pipes with a diameter less than 76 mm

2 Quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics is the branch of theoretical physics, which describes physical phenomena, in which the action is comparable in magnitude to the Planck constant.

The basic concepts of quantum kinematics are observation and status.

The basic equations of quantum dynamics - the Schrö dinger equation, the equation of von Neumann, Lindblad equation, Heisenberg equation Pauli equation.

The equations of quantum mechanics is closely related to many branches of mathematics, such as: operator theory, probability theory, functional analysis, operator algebra, group theory.

The standard courses of quantum mechanics study the following sections:

Ø The mathematical basis of quantum mechanics and the theory of representations;

Ø Exact solutions of the one-dimensional stationary Schrö dinger equation for different potentials;

Ø Approximate methods (quasi-classical approximation, perturbation theory, etc...);

Ø Nonstationary phenomena;

Ø Schrö dinger equation in three-dimensional case, and the theory of angular momentum;

Ø Theory of spin;

Ø The identity of the particles;

Ø The structure of atoms and molecules;

Ø Dispersion of the particles;

№21 НҰ СҚ А/ВАРИАНТ

1 Compressors. Compressor is the power machine or device for increasing pressure (compression) and transfer of gaseous substances. In particular the process of increasing the pressure, depending on their design, the compressors can be divided into two groups: dynamic and volumetric

Volumetric compressors. In the operating principle of volumetric machines working process is carried out as a result of changes in the working chamber volume. The range of this type of machinery is various and includes more than a dozen, the main ones: piston and rotary

· Piston compressors may be unilateral or bilateral action, crosshead and uncrosshead lubricated and without lubrication (dry friction or dry compression), high-pressure compression also apply plunger.

· Rotary compressors - machines with rotating compressible element structurally divided into the screw, rotary vane, liquid ring, there are other designs.

Dynamic compressors. In dynamic compressors gas is compressed as a result of the supply of mechanical energy from the shaft, and further cooperation with the working material of the rotor blades. Depending on the direction of flow impeller type and such machines are divided into axial and centrifugal.

Turbocompressors - dynamic machines in which compression is by the interaction of the flow with rotating and stationary blades lattices.

№22 НҰ СҚ А/ВАРИАНТ