БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ 1 страница

¹ Luntz Research Co. survey of 1, 000 adults, 3 October 2001, reported in USA Today, 19-21 October 2001, p. 1.

² New York Times, 23 September 2001, p. B6.

³ Rachel Newman, " The Day the World Changed, I Did Too", Newsweek, 1 October 2001, p. 9.

⁴ Los Angeles Times, 16 February 1998, p. Bl, Cl; John J. Miller, " Becoming an American", New York Times, 26 May 1998, p. A27.

⁵ Joseph Tilden Rhea, Race Pride and the American Identity (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), p. 1-2, 8-9; Robert Frost, Selected Poem's of Robert Frost (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1963), p. 297-301, 422; Maya Angelou, " On the Pulse of Morning", New York Times, 21 January 1993, p. A14.

⁶ Ward Connerly, " Back to Equality", Imprimis, 27 (February 1998), p. 3.

⁷ Correspondence supplied by Ralph Nader; Jeff Jacoby, " Patriotism and the CEOs", Boston Globe, 30July l998, p. Al5.

⁸ " Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism", in Nussbaum et al, For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996), p. 4; Amy Gutmann, " Democratic Citizenship", in ibid., p. 68-69; Richard Sennett, " America Is Better off Without a 'National Identity, '" International Herald Tribune, 31 January 1994, p. 6.

⁹ Robert D. Kaplan, " Fort Leavenworth and the Eclipse of Nationhood", Atlantic Monthly, 278 (September 1996), p. 81; Bruce D. Porter, " Can

American Democracy Survive? " Commentary, 96 (November 1993), p. 37.

¹⁰ Mehran Kamrava, The Political History of Modern Iran: From Tribalism to Theocracy (London: Praeger, 1992), p. 1; James Barber, " South Africa: The Search for Identity", International Affairs, 70 (January 1994); Lowell Dittmer and Samuel S. Kim, China's Quest for National Identity (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993); Timothy Ka-Ying Wong and Milan Tung-Wen Sun, " Dissolution and Reconstruction of National Identity: The Experience of Subjectivity in Taiwan", Nations and Nationalism, 4 (April 1998); Gilbert Rozman, " A Regional Approach to Northeast Asia", Orbis, 39 (Winter 1995); Robert D. Kaplan, " Syria: Identity Crisis", Atlantic Monthly, 271 (February 1993); New York Times, 10 September 2000, p. 2, 25 April 2000, p. A3; Conrad Black, " Canada's Continuing Identity Crisis", Foreign Affairs, 74 (March/April 1995), p. 95-115; " Algeria's Destructive Identity Crisis", Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 31 January -- 6 February 1994, p. 19; Boston Globe, 10 April 1991, p. 9; Anthony DePalma, " Reform in Mexico: Now You See It", New York Times, 12 September 1993, p. 4E; Bernard Lewis, The Multiple Identities of the Middle East (New York: Schocken, 1998).

¹¹ Gilles Kepel, Revenge of God: The Resurgence of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism in the Modern World (University Park,: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994). See also Mark Juergensmeyer, The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Peter L. Berger, ed., The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1999); David Westerlund, ed., Questioning the Secular State: The Worldwide Resurgence of Religion in Politics (London: Hurst, 1996).

¹² Ivor Jennings, The Approach to Self-Government (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956), p. 56, quoted in Dankwart A. Rustow, " Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model", Comparative Politics, 2 (April 1970), p. 351.

¹³ Charles Tilly, " Reflections on the History of European State-Making", in Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), p. 42.

¹⁴ Peter Wallensteen and Margareta Sollenberg, " Armed Conflict, 1989-1999", Journal of Peace Research, 39 (September 2000), p. 638.

¹⁵ Bill Clinton, quoted in The Tennessean, 15 June 1997, p. 10.

¹⁶ Karmela Liebkind, Minority Identity and Identification Processes: A Social Psychological Study: Maintenance and Reconstruction of Ethnolinquistic Identity in Multiple Group Allegiance (Helsinki: Societas Scientiarium Fennica, 1984), p. 42; Erik H. Erikson, Identity: Youth and Crisis (New York: Norton, 1968), p. 9 and quoted by Leon Wieseltier, " Against Identity", New Republic, 28 November 1994, p. 24; Wieseltier, Against Identity (New York: W. Drenttel, 1996), and Kaddish (New York: Knopf, 1998).

¹⁷ Ronald L. Jepperson, Alexander Wendt, and Peter J. Katzenstein, " Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security", in Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), p. 59.

¹⁸ K. Liebkind, Minority Identity and Identification Processes, p. 51, citing Henri Tajfel, " Interindividual behaviour and intergroup behaviour" in Tajfel, H., ed., " Differentiation Between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations", European Monographs in Social Psychology, no. 14, (London: Academic Press, 1978), p. 27-60.

¹⁹ Committee on International Relations, Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, Us and Them: The Psychology of Ethnonationatism (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1987), p. 115.

²⁰ Ibid; Jonathan Mercer, " Anarchy and Identity", International Organization, 49 (Spring 1995), p. 250.

²¹ Josef Goebbels, quoted in Jonathan Mercer, " Approaching Hate: The Cognitive Foundations of Discrimination", CISAC (Stanford University, January 1994),

p. 1; Andre Malraux, Man's Fate (New York: Random House, 1969), p. 3 cited by Robert D. Kaplan, " The Coming Anarchy", Atlantic Monthly, 273 (February 1994), p. 72; Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud, " Why War? ", in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (London: Hogarth Press, 1964), p. 199-215.

²² Vamik D. Volkan, " The Need to Have Enemies and Allies: A Developmental Approach", Political Psychology, 6 (June 1985) p. 219, 243, 247; Volkan, The Need to Have Enemies and Allies: From Clinical Practice to International Relationships (Northvale, N.J.: J. Aronson, 1994), p. 35; Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992), p. 162-177.

²³ Mercer, " Anarchy and Identity", p. 242; Volkan, " The Need to Have Enemies and Allies" p. 231; Dennis Wrong, The Problem of Order: What Unites and Divides Society (New York: Free Press, 1994), p. 203-4; Economist, 7 July 1990, p. 29. The form this discrimination takes may, however, be shaped by culture. Mercer, " Approaching Hate", p. 4-6, 8, 11 citing Margaret Wetherell, " Cross-Cultural Studies of Minimal Groups: Implications for the Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Relations", in Henri Tajfel, ed., Social Identity and Intergroup Relations, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 220-21; Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation, (New York: Basic Books, 1984), p. 110-12, and Michael A. Hogg and Dominic Abrams, Social Identifications: A Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations and Group Processes (New York: Routledge, 1988, p. 49.

²⁴ Volkan, " The Need to Have Enemies and Allies: A Developmental Approach", p. 243-44.

²⁵ Committee on International Relations, Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, Us and Them: The Psychology of Ethnonationalism, p. 119. See also Volkan, The Need to Have Enemies and Allies, p. 88, 94-95, 103.

²⁶ Michael Howard, " War and the Nation-State", Daedalus, 108 (Fall 1979), p. 102.

²⁷ R. R. Palmer, " Frederick the Great, Guibert, Bulow: From Dynastic to National War", in Peter Paret, ed., Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), p. 18.

²⁸ Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), p. 5.

²⁹ Относительно этого разграничения см. William В. Cohen, " Nationalism in Europe", in John Bodnar, Bonds of Affection: Americans Define Their Patriotism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 323-38; Thomas M. Franck, " Tribe, Nation, World: Self-Identification in the Evolving International System", Ethics and International Affairs 11 (1997), p. 151-69; Anthony D. Smith, National Identity (London: Penguin, 1991), p. 11-14, 79ff; Hans Kohn, Nationalism, Its Meaning and History (Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1965); Alan Patten, " The Autonomy Argument for Liberal Nationalism", Nations and Nationalism, 5 (January 1999), p. 1 ff; Maurizio Viroli, For Love of Country: An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), Introduction; Тот Nairn, " Breakwaters of 2000: From Ethnic to Civic Nationalism", New Left Review, 214 (November/December 1995) p.91-103; Bernard Yack, " The Myth of the Civil Nation", Critical Review, 10 (Spring 1996), p. 193ff.; Volkan, The Need to Have Enemies and Allies, p. 85, где суммированы данные в подтверждение точки зрения Оруэлла на национализм как на " вывернутый наизнанку патриотизм".

Полевые исследования 2003 г. предоставили многочисленные данные, подтверждающие, что национальная гордость существует в двух формах: " патриотизма", определяемого в гражданских терминах как " самоотносимая" и безоговорочная любовь к своей стране, и " национализма", определяемого как " безусловно сравнительный -- и преимущественно высокомерно-сравнительный". Rui J. P. Figuiredo, Jr., and Zachary Elkins, " Are Patriots Bigots? An Inquiry Into the Vices of In-Group Pride", American Journal of Political Science, 47 (January 2003), p. 171-188. Однако это исследование не представило свидетельств относительно того, какие ощущения испытывают патриоты, сравнивая (а они не могут не сравнивать) собственную страну с другими странами. Кроме того, данное исследование упустило из вида то обстоятельство, что в глобализованном мире взаимодействия между отдельными странами и, как следствие, сопоставления этих стран становятся все более час-

тыми и неизбежными. В ежегодных статистических отчетах страны мира выстраиваются по рейтингу внутренней свободы, свободы прессы, коррупции, эффективности производства, степени глобализации, качества образования и по многим другим показателям. Сколь высока будет национальная гордость " патриота", если его страна в этих рейтингах окажется в конце списка?

³⁰ Horace M. Kallen, Culture and Democracy in the United States (New York: Boni & Liveright, 1924), p. 94.

³¹ Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York: Harper, 1962), vol. 1, p. 3; Stanley Hoffmann, " More Perfect Union: Nation and Nationalism in America", Harvard International Review (Winter 1997/1998), p. 72.

³² Franklin D. Roosevelt, quoted in John F. Kennedy, A Nation of Immigrants (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), p. 3; Robert N. Bellah, The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in a Time of Trial (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2^nd ed., 1992), p. 88; Oscar Handlin, The Uprooted (Boston, Little Brown, 2^nd. ed. 1973), p. 3.

³³ Wilbur Zelinsky, The Cultural Geography of the United States (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1992), p. 23-4.

³⁴ John Higham, Send These to Me: Jews and Other Immigrants in Urban America (New York: Atheneum, 1975), p. 6.

³⁵ Herman Merivale, Lectures on Colonization and Colonies Delivered Before the University of Oxford in 1839, 1840, & 1841 (London: Oxford University Press, 1928); Albert Galloway Keller, Colonization: A Study of the Founding of New Societies (Boston: Ginn, 1908).

³⁶ John Porter, The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of Social Class and Power in Canada Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1965), p. 60, quoted in Jack P. Green and J.R. Pole, eds., Colonial British America: Essays in the New History of the Early Modern Era (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), p. 205; Zelinsky, The Cultural Geography of the United States, p. 13-14; Michael Lind, Vietnam: The Necessary War (New York: Free Press, 1999), p. 122-23.

³⁷ Ronald Syme, Colonial Elites: Rome, Spain and the Americas (London: Oxford University Press, 1958), p. 18; Alexis de Tocqueville, letter to Abbe Leseur, 7 September 1831, quoted in George W. Pierson, Tocqueville and Beaumont in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1938) p. 314.

³⁸ David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 6-7; J. Rogers Hollingsworth, " The United States", in Raymond Grew, ed., Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States (Princeton University Press,

1978), p. 163.

³⁹ Louis Hartz, The Founding of New Societies (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1964). Относительно критики взглядов Харца на распространение американских ценностей и стабильность американского общества см. John Gerring, " The Perils of Particularism: Political History After Hartz", Journal of Policy History, 11 (1999), p. 313-22; Leo P. Ribuffo, " What Is Still Living in 'Consensus' History and Pluralist Social Theory", American Studies International, 38 (February 2000), p. 42-60.

⁴⁰ George Peabody Gooch, English Democratic Ideas in the Seventeenth Century (New York: Harper, 1959), p. 71.

⁴¹ Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York: Henry Holt, 1920), p. 1.

⁴² Peter D. Salins, Assimilation, American Style (New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 23; U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 2000 Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, p. 18.

⁴³ Richard T. Gill, Nathan Glazer, and Stephen A. Thernstrom, Our Changing Population (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1992); Paul Johnson, A History of the American People (New York: Harper Collins, 1997), p. 283; Jim Potter, " Demographic Development and Family Structure", in Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole, eds., Colonial British America: Essays in the New History of the Early Modern Era (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), p. 149; Congressman Glover quoted in D. W. Meinig, The Shaping of America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 2, p. 222.

⁴⁴ Campbell Gibson, " The Contribution of Immigration to the Growth and Ethnic Diversity of the American Population", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 136 (June 1992), p. 166.

⁴⁵ Richard Hofstadter, quoted in Hans Kohn, American Nationalism: An Interpretive Essay (New York: Macmillan, 1957), p. 13; Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 24, 23.

⁴⁶ Benjamin Franklin quoted in Kohn, American Nationalism, p. 7.

⁴⁷ JЭrgen Heideking, " The Image of an English Enemy During the American Revolution", in Ragnhild Fiebig-von Hase and Ursula Lehmkuhl, eds., Enemy Images in American History (Providence, R.I.: Berghahn Books, 1997), p. 104, 95.

⁴⁸ John M. Owen IV, Liberal Peace, Liberal War: American Politiucs and International Security (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997), p. 130 and passim.

⁴⁹ Rogers M. Smith, " The 'American Creed' and American Identity: The Limits of Liberal Citizenship in the United States", Western Political Quarterly 41(June 1988), p. 226; Michael Lind, The Next American Nation: The New Nationalism and the Fourth American Revolution (New York: Free Press, 1995), p. 46.

⁵⁰ Herbert C. Kelman, " The Role of Social Identity in Conflict Resolution: Experiences from Israeli-Palestinian Problem-Solving Workshops", paper presented at the Third Biennial Rutgers Symposium on Self and Social Identity: Social Identity, Intergroup Conflict, and Conflict Resolution (April 1999), p. 1.

⁵¹ George W. Pierson, The Moving American (New York: Knopf, 1973), p. 5; Jason Schacter, " Geographical Mobility: Population Characteristics", Current Population Reports (U. S. Census Bureau, p. 20-538, 2001), p. 1.; Stephen Vincent Benйt, Western Star (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1943), p.3.

⁵² Alexander Mackey quoted in John Higham, " Hanging Together: Divergent Unities in American History", The Journal of American History, 61 (June 1974), p. 17; Gabriel

A. Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations (Boston: Little,

Brown, 1965), p. 64.

⁵³ Frederick Jackson Turner, Frontier and Section: Selected Essays (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1961), p. 37; Roger Finke and Rodney Stark, The Churching of America, 1776-1990: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992), p. 290, n. 3; Lord Dunmore quoted in Pierson, Moving America, p. 51. See generally Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978).

⁵⁴ Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Disuniting of America (New York: Norton, rev. ed., 1998), p. 18.

⁵⁵ Russell Bourne, The Red King's Rebellion: Racial Politics in New England, 1675-1678 (New York: Atheneum, 1990), p. 23-26; James D. Drake, King Philip's War: Civil War in New England, 1675-1676 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999), p. 36-37.

⁵⁶ Alan Taylor, " In a Strange Way", New Republic, 13 April 1998, p. 39-40; Jill Lepore, The Name of War: King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity (New York: Knopf, 1998), p. 240; Eric B. Schultz and Michael J. Tougias, King Philip's War: The History and Legacy of America's Forgotten Conflict (Woodstock, VT: Countryman Press, 1999), p. 4-5.

⁵⁷ Richard Slotkin, Regeneration Through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600-1860 (Middletown, СТ: Wesleyan University Press, 1973), p. 79; Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Vintage, 1945), vol. 1, p. 352. За этими словами Токвилля следует неожиданно эмоциональное и живописное описание выселения племени чокто, которое автор наблюдал в Мемфисе в 1831 году.

⁵⁸ James H. Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship, 1608-1870 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1978), p. 288-300; Peter H. Schuck and Rogers M. Smith, Citizenship Without Consent: Illegal Aliens in the American Polity (New Haven: Yale University

Press, 1985), p. 63ff; Chief Justice John Marshall, The Cherokee Nation vs. The State of Georgia, 30 U.S. 1 (1831).

⁵⁹ Edmund Randolph, History of Virginia (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1970), p. 253; Thomas Jefferson, " The Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson", in Adrienne Koch and William Peden, eds., The Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Modern Library, 1944) p. 51; John Patrick Doggins, On Hallowed Ground: Abraham Lincoln and the Foundations of American History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), p. 175-76.

⁶⁰ Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 134.

⁶¹ Lind, Next American Nation, p. 43, 68; Smith, " The American Creed' and American Identity", p. 233, 235; Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny; Hazel M. McFerson, The Racial Dimension of American Overseas Colonial Policy (Westport, СТ: Greenwood Press, 1997).

⁶² David Heer, Immigration in America's Future: Social Science Findings and the Policy Debate (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996), p. 37.

⁶³ Justice Stephen J. Field, Chae Chang Ping v United States, 130 U. S. 581 (1889); Smith, " 'American Creed' and American Identity", p. 244.

⁶⁴ Philip Gleason, " American Identity and Americanization", in Stephan Thernstrom, ed., Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 46.

⁶⁵ Immigration Restriction League, quoted in Madlwyn Allen Jones, American Immigration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2nd ed., 1992), p. 222.

⁶⁶ William S. Bernard, " Immigration: History of U.S. Policy", in Thernstrom, ed., Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, p. 493.

⁶⁷ Gleason, " American Identity and Americanization", p. 47.

⁶⁸ Alden T. Vaughan, " Seventeenth Century Origins of American Culture", in Stanley Coben and Lorman Ratner, eds., The Development of an American Culture (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2nd ed., 1983), p. 30-2; Arthur M.

Schlesinger, Jr., The Disuniting of America (New York: Norton, rev. ed., 1998), p. 34.

⁶⁹ James A. Morone, " The Struggle for American Culture", PS: Political Science & Politics, 29 (September 1996), p. 428-429; John Higham, Send These to Me: Jews and Other Immigrants in Urban America (New York: Atheneum, 1975), p. 180.

⁷⁰ Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968), p. 93ff.

⁷¹ Anthony D. Smith, National Identity (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1991), p. 150; Michael Novak, Further Reflections on Ethnicity (Middletown, PA: Jednota Press, 1977), p. 26; Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 14; who levels the same charge against Canada and Australia; Robert N. Bellah, The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in Time of Trial (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 93, quoted from Harold Cruse, The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual (New York: Morrow, 1967), p. 256.

⁷² Benjamin С Schwarz, " The Diversity Myth", Atlantic Monthly, 275 (May 1995), p. 57-67.

⁷³ Adrian Hastings, The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 187, and Chapter 8 generally; Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 154; Philip Schaff, America: A Sketch of Its Political, Social, and Religious Character (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961), p. 72.

⁷⁴ Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1955); William Lee Miller, " Religion and Political Attitudes", in James Ward Smith and A. Leland Jamison, eds., Religious Perspectives in American Culture (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961), p. 85; Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony, p. 154.

⁷⁵ Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), p. 38-66.

⁷⁶ Sacvan Bercovitch, The Puritan Origins of the American Self (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975), p. 144ff; Hastings, The Construction of Nationhood, p. 74-5; Morone, " The Struggle for American Culture", p. 426.

⁷⁷ Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (Chicago: Regnery, 1955), p. 125-126 and " Speech on Moving Resolutions for Conciliation with the Colonies", in Ross J. S. Hoffman and Paul Levack, eds., Burke's Politics (New York: Knopf, 1949), p. 69-71.

⁷⁸ Morone, " The Struggle for American Culture", p. 429; Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Vintage, 1945), vol. 2, p. 32; Huntington, American Politics p. 153; James Bryce, The American Commonwealth (London: Macmillan, 1891), 2, p. 599.

⁷⁹ David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 787; Kevin P. Phillips, The Cousins' Wars: Religion, Politics, and the Triumph of Anglo-America (New York: Basic Books, 1999), p. xv and passim.

⁸⁰ John C. Green et al, Religion and the Culture Wars: Dispatches from the Front (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996), p. 243-44.

⁸¹ George M. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth Century Evangelicalism, 1870-1925 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 6; Garry Wills, Under God: Religion and American Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), p. 19.

⁸² Nathan O. Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), p. 4; William McLoughlin, ed. The American Evangelicals, 1800-1900; An Anthology (New York: Harper & Row 1968), p. 26, quoted in Bellah, Broken Covenant, p. 46.

⁸³ George Gallup, Jr., and Jim Castelli, The People's Religion: American Faith in the 90" s (New York: Macmillan, 1989), p. 93. For other estimates, see Cullen Murphy, " Protestantism and the Evangelicals", The Wilson Quarterly, (Autumn 1981), p. 107ff; Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth Century Evangelicalism, 1870-1925, p. 228; Boston Sunday Globe, 20 February 2000, p. Al.

⁸⁴ Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Vintage, 1954), vol. I, p. 409; Bryce, American Commonwealth, Vol. 2, p. 417-418; Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma (New York: Harper, 1944); Vol. 1, p. 495, Daniel Bell, " The End of American Exceptionalism", in Nathan Glazer and Irving Kristol, eds., The American Commonwealth 1976 (New York: Basic Books, 1976), p. 209; Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-edged Sword (New York: Norton, 1996), p. 63-4.

⁸⁵ Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective (New York: Norton, 1973), p. 103.

⁸⁶ William Lee Miller; John Higham, " Hanging Together: Divergent Unities in American History", Journal of American History, 61 (June 1974), p. 15; Jeff Spinner, The Boundaries of Citizenship (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), p. 79-80.

⁸⁷ Lipset, American Exceptionalism, p. 63-4.

⁸⁸ Francis J. Grund, The Americans in Their Moral, Social and Political Relations (New York: Johnson Reprint, 1968), p. 355-56.

⁸⁹ Geert Hofstede, Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1980), p. 222; Henry van Loon, " How Cadets Stack Up", Armed Forces Journal International (March 1997), p. 18-20; Lipset, American Exceptionalism, p. 218; Charles Hampden-Turner and Alfons Trompenaars, The Seven Cultures of Capitalism (New York: Doubleday, 1993), p. 48, 57. See also Harry С Triandis, " Cross-Cultural Studies of Individualism and Collectivism", Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1989 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990), vol. 37, p. 41-133.

⁹⁰ Bellah, Broken Covenant, p. 76; John G. Cawelti, Apostles of the Self-Made Man (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), p. 39ff; Bill Clinton, remarks to Democratic Leadership Council, 1993 quoted in Jennifer L. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream, p. 18.

⁹¹ Judith N. Shklar, American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991), p. 1-3, 67, 72-5.

⁹² Schaff, America: A Sketch of Its Political, Social, and Religious Character p. 29; Michael Chevalier, Society, Manners and Politics in the United States; Letters on North America (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1967), p. 267-68.