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⁹³ Roger M. Smith, " The 'American Creed' and American Identity: The Limits of Liberal Citizenship in the United States", Western Political Quarterly, 41 (June 1988), p.239, citing Eric Foner, Free soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970); Cawelti, Apostles of the Self-Made Man, esp. p. 39ff.

⁹⁴ Cindy S. Aron, Working at Play: A History of Vacations in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 236; International Labor Organization Study September 1999, cited in The Daily Yomiuri, 7 September 1999, p. 12; Prospect, No. 49 (February 2000), p. 7, citing Boston Review, December 1999-January 2000.

⁹⁵ Daniel Yankelovich, " What's Wrong-- And What's Right -- With U.S. Workforce Performance", The Public Perspective, 3 (May/June 1992), p. 12-14; " American Enterprise Public Opinion and Demographic Report"; Jack Citrin, et al, " Is American Nationalism Changing? Implications for Foreign Policy", International Studies Quarterly, 38 (March 1994), p. 13.

⁹⁶ New York Times, 9 May 1999, p. WK5; Shklar, American Citizenship, p. 98.

⁹⁷ Schaff, America: A Sketch of Its Political, Social, and Religious Character, p. 29; Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream pp. 228-29; New York Times, 11 February 1999, p. Al.

⁹⁸ Bellah, Broken Covenant, p. 179; Wills, Under God, p. 25.

⁹⁹ Alan Heimert, Religion and the American Mind, From the Great Awakening to the Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966), p. 14, 19; Ruth H. Bloch, Visionary Republic: Millenial Themes in American Thought, 1756-- 1800 (Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. xiv.

¹⁰⁰ John Adams, letter to Hezekiah Niles, 13 February 1818, in Adrienne Koch and William Peden, eds., The Selected

Writings of John and John Quincy Adams (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1946), p. 203.

¹⁰¹ Bellah, Broken Covenant, p. 44-45.

¹⁰² William W. Sweet, Revivalism in America: Its Origin, Growth, and Decline (New York: Scribners, 1944), p. 159-61.

¹⁰³ Alan P. Grimes, The Puritan Ethic and Woman Suffrage (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), p. 102.

¹⁰⁴ Sidney Ahlstrom, " National Taruma and the Changing Religious Values", Daedalus, 107 (Winter 1978), p. 19-20.

¹⁰⁵ Al Haber, quoted in Edward J. Bacciocco, Jr., The New Left in America (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1974), p. 228-29.

¹⁰⁶ Walter A. McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World Since 1776 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997); and for a somewhat different view, James Kurth, " The Protestant Reformation and American Foreign Policy", Orbis, (Spring 1998), p. 221-39.

¹⁰⁷ Newsweek, 8 July 2002, p. 23-25; New York Times, 27 June 2002, p. Al, A21.

¹⁰⁸ New York Times, 27 June 2002, p. A21, 1 July 2002, p. A8, 1 March 2003, p. A2.

¹⁰⁹ New York Times, 29 Nov 1999, p. A14.

¹¹⁰ Gaines M. Foster, " A Christian Nation: Signs of a Covenant", in John Bodnar, ed. Bonds of Affection: Americans Define Their Patriotism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 121-22; Nathan O. Hatch, The Sacred Cause of Liberty: Republican Thought and the Millennium in Revolutionary New England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), p. 22; Robert Middlekauff, " The Ritualization of the American Revolution", in Stanley Cohen and Lormon Ratner, eds., The Development of an American Culture (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2^nd ed., 1983), p. 50-53; Rogers M. Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 75; Michael Novak, God's Country: Taking the Declaration Seriously (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1999 Francis Boyer Lecture, 2000), p. 12-17.

¹¹¹ Quotations from Walter A. McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World

Since 1776 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997), p. 38; Robert N. Bellah, The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in Time of Trial (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2^nd ed., 1992), p. 180-82; Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), p. 214; Novak, God's Country, p. 25-26; Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Vintage, 1945), vol. 1, p. 316.

¹¹² Sidney E. Mead, The Nation With the Soul of a Church (New York: Harper & Row, 1975), p. 78ff.

¹¹³ Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith, p. 268.

¹¹⁴ Roger Finke and Rodney Stark, The Churching of America: 1776-1990: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992), p. 16-21 and passim.

¹¹⁵ Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 1, p. 45, 316, 319; Philip Schaff, America: A Sketch of Its Political, Social, and Religious Character, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961) p. 14, 75-76.

¹¹⁶ James Bryce, The American Commonwealth (London: Macmillan, 1891), vol. 2, p. 278, 577, 583; Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York: Harper, 1962), vol. 1, p. 11; Paul Johnson, " Writing A History of the American People" (lecture, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, D.C., 13 March 1998), p. 6; Paul Johnson, " The Almost-Chosen People", The Wilson Quarterly, 9 (Winter 1985), p. 85-86.

¹¹⁷ Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll, 9-12 December 1999, 17-19 February 2003, 9-10 December 2002, 2-4 September 2002; Quinnipiac University Poll, 4-9 June 2003; General Social Survey 2002, 6 February-26 June 2002, National Opinion Research Center, Q0118; The National Election Studies (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Center of Political Studies, 1995-2000), V850; Jack Citrin, Ernst B. Haas, Christopher Muste, and Beth Reingold, " Is American Nationalism Changing? Implications for Foreign Policy", International Studies Quarterly, 38 (March 1994), p. 13, citing 1992 National Election Study.

¹¹⁸ Quinnipiac University Poll, 4-9 June 2003; Gallup Poll, 17-19 February 2003, 18-20 March 2002, 22-24 July 2002, 17-29 June 2002; Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll, 17-19 February 2003, 9-10 December 2002, 3-6 October 2002, 2-4 September 2002, 28-30 June 2002, 21 -23 June 2002; CBS News Poll, 28 April-1 May 2003; Time/CNN/Harris Interactive Poll, 27 March 2003; Investor's Business Daily/ Christian Science Monitor Poll, 3-8 September 2002; Boston Globe, 16 January 1999, p. A3 citing C. Kirk Hadaway and Penny Long Marler, " Did You Really Go to Church this Week? Behind the Poll Data", Christian Century, 6 May 1998, p. 472-5, and Andrew Walsh, Religion in the News, Fall 1998; Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-edged Sword, p. 278; Wall Street Journal, 9 November 1990, p. A8; Economist, 29 May 1999, p. 29.

¹¹⁹ Krister Stendhal quoted in William G. McLoughlin and Robert N. Bellah, Religion in America (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968), p. xv; The Gallup Organization, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1999 (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 2000), p. 50-56.

¹²⁰ Kenneth D. Wald, Religion and Politics in the United States (New York: St. Martin's, 1987).

¹²¹ George Bishop, " What Americans Really Believe", Free Inquiry, 9 (Summer 1999), p. 38-42.

¹²² Ronald Inglehart, Miguel Basanez, and Alejandro Moreno, Human Values and Beliefs: A Cross-Cultural Sourcebook: Political, Religious, Sexual, and Economic Norms in 43 Societies: Findings from the 1990-1993 World Values Survey (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998), p. V9, V20, V38, V143, V146, V147, V151, V166.V176.

¹²³ Smith, Civic Ideals, p. 55-56, 56-57; Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship, p. 66-69; Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), p. 5-6, 11-54.

¹²⁴ Smith, Civic Ideals, p. 57; Ernest Lee Tuveson, Redeemer Nation: The Idea of America's Millennial Role (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), chapter 5; Ruth H. Bloch, Visionary Republic: Millennial Themes in

American Thought, 1756-1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 12; Hatch, The Sacred Cause of Liberty, p. 36-44; Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship, p. 114.

¹²⁵ Hatch, The Sacred Cause of Liberty, p. 75-76, 131; Cushing Strout, The New Heavens and New Earth: Political Religion in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), p. 71; Phillips, The Cousins' Wars, p. 91-100; McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State, p. 18; Garry Wills, Under God: Religion and American Politics (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 360-362; Bloch, Visionary Republic, p. 58-59.

¹²⁶ Ray Allen Billington, The Protestant Crusade, 1800-1860 (New York: Macmillan, 1938), p. 3-21; Theodore Maynard, The Story of American Catholicism (New York: Macmillan, 1941), p. 115.

¹²⁷ Will Herberg, Protestant, Catholic, Jew: An Essay in American Religious Sociology (Garden City: Doubleday, 1955), p. 151-52, 186-87; Schaff, America, p. 73. О влиянии смешанных браков на католическую общину, включая семью епископа Джона Кэрролла, см. Joseph Agonito, The Building of an American Catholic Church: The Episcopacy of John Carroll (New York: Garland, 1988), p. 171-77.

¹²⁸ Heer, Immigration in America's Future, p. 35-37, 85-86; Billington, Protestant Crusade, chapters 15-16; Perry Miller, The Life of the Mind in America (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1965), p. 56.

¹²⁹ Ivan Musicant, Empire by Default: The Spanish-American War and the Dawn of the American Century (New York: Holt, 1998), p. 17; Philip Gleason, " American Identity and Americanization", in Stephen Thernstrom, ed., Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980), p. 31-38.

¹³⁰ Цитируется в Johnson, " The Almost-Chosen People", p. 88.

¹³¹ Edward Wakin and Joseph F. Scheuer, The De-Romanization of the American Catholic Church (New York: Macmillan, 1966), p. 15-16 and passim; Maynard, The Story of American Catholicism, p. 502; Dorothy Dohen,

Nationalism and American Catholicism (New York: Sheed & Ward, 1967), p. 71.

¹³² Peter Steinfels, New York Times Book Review, 17 August 1997, p. 20.

¹³³ Ronald Inglehart and Marita Carballo, " Does Latin America Exist? (And is There a Confucian Culture?): A Global Analysis of Cross-Cultural Differences", PS: Political Science & Politics, 30 (March 1997), p. 44; Ronald Inglehart, " The Clash of Civilizations? Empirical Evidence from 61 Societies" (Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, 23-25 April 1998), p. 9-10.

¹³⁴ Dohen, Nationalism and American Catholicism, p. 171; Schaff, America, p. 72-73; Herberg, Protestant, Catholic, Jew, p. 100, 152-154; Dohen, Nationalism and American Catholicism, p. 171.

¹³⁵ John Ireland, The Church and Modern Society: Lectures and Addresses (St. Paul: Pioneer Press, 1905), p. 58, quoted in Dohen, Nationalism and American Catholicism, p. 109 and 165.

¹³⁶ Kwam Anthony Appiah, " The Multiculturist Misunderstanding", New York Review of Books, 9 October 1997, p. 31.

¹³⁷ Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 1, p. 314-15; Bryce, The American Commonwealth, vol. 2, p. 576-77.

¹³⁸ The People v. Ruggles, 8 Johns. 295 (1811); Wills, Under God, p. 424; David J. Brewer, The United States: A Christian Nation (Philadelphia: John C. Winston, 1905); Justice Sutherland, U.S. v. Macintosh, 283 U.S. 605 (1931), 633-34; Justice David J. Brewer, Church of the Holy Trinity v. U.S., 143 US 457 (1892), 465, 471; Justice William O. Douglas, Zorach v. Clauson, 343 U.S. 306 (1952), 312; Foster, " A Christian Nation: Signs of a Covenant", p. 122, 134-135; Thomas C. Reeves, " The Collapse of the Mainline Churches", in Robert Royal ed., Reinventing the American People: Unity and Diversity Today (Washington, D.C.: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1995), p. 204-205.

¹³⁹ Quoted in Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, p. 12.

¹⁴⁰ Russell Shorto, " Belief by the Numbers", New York Time Magazine, 7 December 1997, p. 60; Barna Research Group results in The American Enterprise, 6 (November/ December 1995), p. 12, 19; CUNY survey, New York Times, 10 April 1991, p. A1; National Election Studies.

¹⁴¹ Diana Eck, " Neighboring Faiths: How Will Americans Cope with Increasing Religious Diversity? " Harvard Magazine (September/October 1996), p. 40; New York Times, 29 January 2000, p. A11.

¹⁴² Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 114-115, 223; Jeff Spinner, The Boundaries of Citizenship: Race, Ethnicity, and Nationality in the Liberal State (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), p. 174-75.

¹⁴³ New York Times, 10 April 1991, p. A1, A16, 24 April 2000, p. A11; New York Times Magazine, 7 December 1997, p. 60; Philip Jenkins, The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 102-05.

¹⁴⁴ Trollope quoted in Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective (New York: Norton, 1979), p. 156; Eisenhower quoted in Johnson, " Almost Chosen People", p. 87, citing Christian Century magazine interview.

¹⁴⁵ Irving Kristol, " On the Political Stupidity of the Jews", Azure: Ideas for the Jewish Nation (Autumn 5760/1999), p. 60, cited by The Wilson Quarterly, 24 (Winter 2000), p. 87.

¹⁴⁶ Karl Zinsmeister, " Indicators", American Enterprise, 9 (November/December 1998), p. 19ff.; George Gallup, Jr., and Jim Castelli, The People's Religion: American Faith in the 90" s (New York: Macmillan, 1989), p. 18, 91.

¹⁴⁷ Wills, Under God, p. 388, n28; Andrew M. Greeley, Religious Change in America, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989), p. 8, 44-50, 115-116; Gallup and Castelli, The People's Religion, p. 36.

¹⁴⁸ Gallup and Castelli, The People's Religion, p. 6, 11 -13, 30, 31, 36; Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll, 9-10 December 2002, 2-4 September 2002; Andrew M. Greeley, " American

Exceptionalism: The Religious Phenomenon", in Byron E. Shafer, ed., Is America Different?: A New Look at American Exceptionalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 99.

¹⁴⁹ Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith, p. 238, 268-70; Finke and Stark, The Churching of America, p. 15-16.

^l50 Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 2, p. 6; Robert N. Bellah, Varieties of Civil Religion (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1980), p. 17.

¹⁵¹ Justice Douglas, Zorach v. Clawson, 343 U. S. 306 (1952), 313; President Eisenhower, quoted in Mead, The Nation with the Soul of a Church, p. 25.

¹⁵² Conrad Cherry, " Two American Sacred Ceremonies: Their Implications fore the Study of Religion in America", American Quarterly, 21 (Winter 1969), p. 748.

¹⁵³ W. Lloyd Warner, " An American Sacred Ceremony", in Russell E. Richey and Donald G. Jones, eds., American Civil Religion (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), p. 89-113.

¹⁵⁴ Peter Steinfels, " Beliefs: God at the Inauguration: An Encounter That Defies American Notions About Church and State", New York Times, 23 January 1993, p. 7.

¹⁵⁵ D. W. Brogan, The American Character (New York: Vintage, 1959), p. 164.

¹⁵⁶ Bellah, Varieties of Civil Religion, p. 11-13; Cherry, " Two American Sacred Ceremonies", p. 749-50.

¹⁵⁷ Isaiah Berlin, " Nationalism: Past Neglect and Present Power", Partisan Review, 46 (No. 3, 1979), p. 348, quoted in John Mack, " Nationalism and the Self", The Psychohistory Review, 2 (Spring 1983), p. 47-48; Anthony D. Smith, National Identity (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1991), p. 143; Wilbur Zelinsky, Nation into State: The Shifting Symbolic Foundations of American Nationalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1988), p. 1.

¹⁵⁸ Benjamin Franklin quoted in Max Savelle, " Nationalism and Other Loyalties in the American Revolution", American Historical Review, 67 (July 1962), p. 903.

¹⁵⁹ S. M. Grant, " 'The Charter of Its Birthright': The Civil War and American Nationalism", Nations and Nationalism, 4 (April 1998), p. 163.

¹⁶⁰ Richard L. Merritt, Symbols of American Community, 1735-1775 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), p. 174, 180.

¹⁶¹ John M. Murrin, " A Roof Without Walls: The Dilemma of American National Identity", in Richard Beeman, Stephen Botein, and Edward С Carter II, eds., Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American National Identity (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), p. 339; Merritt, Symbols of American Community, p. 58.

¹⁶² Albert Harkness, Jr., " Americanism and Jenkins' Ear", Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 37, (June 1950), p. 88; E. McClung Fleming, " Symbols of the United States: From Indian Queen to Uncle Sam", in Ray B. Browne, Richard H. Crowder, Virgil L. Lokke, and William T. Stafford, eds., Frontiers of American Culture (Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Studies, 1968), p. 4.

¹⁶³ Merritt, Symbols of American Community p. 56, 125, 144, Table 8-2.

¹⁶⁴ Fisher Ames quoted in Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The National Experience (New York: Random House, 1966), p. 403, 416; Elbridge Gerry quoted in Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787: Proceedings, vol. 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), p. 552; Anders Stephanson, Manifest Destiny: American Expansion and the Empire of Right (New York: Hill & Wang, 1995), p. 30; Henry Steele Commager, Jefferson, Nationalism, and the Enlightenment (New York: George Braziller, 1975), p. 162; John Marshall quoted in Paul Johnson, A History of the American People (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), p. 423; John Calhoun, Letter to Oliver Dyer, 1 January 1849; John Bodnar, Remaking America: Public Memory, Commemoration, and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 21ff; Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 218.

¹⁶⁵ Commager, Jefferson, Nationalism, and the Enlightenment, p. 159.

¹⁶⁶ Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective (New York: Norton, 1979), p. 18ff.

¹⁶⁷ Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 218.

¹⁶⁸ Boorstin, The Americans, p. 362-65.

¹⁶⁹ Ibid., p. 370, 373, 367.

¹⁷⁰ Bodnar, Remaking America, p. 21, 26; Stuart McConnell, " Reading the Flag: A Reconsideration of the Patriotic Cults of the 1890's", in John Bodnar, ed., Bonds of Affection: Americans Define Their Patriotism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 107; Lyn Spillman, Nation and Commemoration: Creating National Identities in the United States and Australia (New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1997), p. 24; Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 218-19.

¹⁷¹ Abraham Lincoln, " The Perpetuation of our Political Institutions", speech, 27 January 1837, Springfield, IL, in The Speeches of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Chesterfield Society, 1908), p. 9-10.

¹⁷² Merle Curti, The Roots of American Loyalty (New York: Columbia University Press, 1946), p. 169-170.

¹⁷³ Boorstin, The Americans p. 402; Gaines M. Foster, " A Christian Nation: Signs of a Covenant", in Bodnar, ed., Bonds of Affection, p. 123; Spillman, Nation and Commemoration,

p. 24-25.

¹⁷⁴ Morton Keller, Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977), p. 39; Willard Saulsbury quoted in Keller, Affairs of State, p. 69.

¹⁷⁵ John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860-1925 (New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press, 1988), p. 344.

¹⁷⁶ Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), p. 384ff, citing Theda Skocpol, " How Americans Became Civic", in Theda Skocpol and Morris P. Fiorina, eds., Civic Engagement in American Democracy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1999).

¹⁷⁷ Cecilia Elizabeth O'Leary, To Die For: The Paradox of American Patriotism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), p. 49.

¹⁷⁸ Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 105-106, 106; McConnell, " Reading the Flag", p. 113.

¹⁷⁹ Higham, Strangers in the Land, p. 75-76.

¹⁸⁰ Cecilia Elizabeth O'Leary, '" Blood Brotherhood: ' The Racialization of Patriotism, 1865-1918", in Bodnar, ed., Bonds of Affection, p. 54, 73, 75-76; Curti, The Roots of American Loyalty, p. 192.

¹⁸¹ O'Leary, " 'Blood Brotherhood, '" in Bodnar, ed., Bonds of Affection, p. 57-58, 64; Higham, Strangers in the Land, p. 170-71.

¹⁸² Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 144, citing Boyd С Shafer, Faces of Nationalism: New Realities and Old Myths (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972), p. 203; O'Leary, " 'Blood Brotherhood, '" p. 65, citing Bessie Louise Pierce, Public Opinion and the Teaching of History in the United State (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1926), p. 13-16.

¹⁸³ Curti, Roots of American Loyalty, p. 190.

¹⁸⁴ Zelinsky, p. 29, 56, 150; Bessie Louise Pierce, Civic Attitudes in American School Textbooks (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1930), p. 254.

¹⁸⁵ Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 86-88.

¹⁸⁶ Catherine Albanese, " Requiem for Memorial Day: Dissent in the Redeemer Nation", American Quarterly, 26 (1974), p. 389; Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 74.

¹⁸⁷ Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 204-5.

¹⁸⁸ Ibid., p. 202-3; O'Leary, To Die For, p. 201-24; Boleslaw Mastai and Marie-Louise D'Orange, The Stars and Stripes: The American Flag As Art and As History from the Birth of the Republic to the Present (New York: Knopf, 1973), p. 130, quoted in Zelinsky, Nation into State, p.202-3.

¹⁸⁹ O'Leary, To Die For, p. 233-234, citing Halter v. Nebraska 205 U. S. 34-46 and quoting Halter et at. v. State 105 Northwestern Reporter, p. 298-301.

¹⁹⁰ J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer and Sketches of 18 ^th -Century America (New York: Penguin, 1981), p. 68, 70; Israel Zangwill, The Melting Pot: A Drama in Four Acts (New York: Arno Press, 1975), p. 184.

¹⁹¹ Milton M. Gordon, Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origin (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), p. 89; Michael Novak, Further

Reflections on Ethnicity (Middletown, PA: Jednota Press, 1977), p.59.

¹⁹² Horace M. Kallen, The Structure of Lasting Peace: An Inquiry into the Motives of War and Peace (Boston: Marshall Jones Company, 1918), p. 31; Horace M. Kallen, Cultural Pluralism and the American Ideal: An Essay in Social Philosophy (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1956); Horace M. Kallen, Culture and Democracy in the United States: Studies in the Group Psychology of the American Peoples (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1924).

¹⁹³ Philip Gleason, Speaking of Diversity: Language and Ethnicity in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 51.

¹⁹⁴ Randolph Bourne quoted in T. Alexander Aleinkoff, " A Multicultural Nationalism", American Prospect, no. 36 (January-February 1998), p. 81.

¹⁹⁵ Arthur Mann, The One and the Many: Reflections on the American Identity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), p. 137, 142-47.

¹⁹⁶ Theodore Roosevelt quoted in Gordon, Assimilation in American Life, p. 122 from Edward N. Saveth, American Historians and European Immigrants, 1875-1925 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1948), p. 121.

¹⁹⁷ Robert A. Carlson, The Quest for Conformity: Americanization Through Education (New York: John Wiley,

1975), p. 6-7.

¹⁹⁸ Louis Brandeis, Address, Faneuil Hall, Boston, July 4, 1919, quoted in John J. Miller, The Unmaking of Americans (New York: Free Press, 1998).

¹⁹⁹ John F. McClymer, " The Federal Government and the Americanization Movement, 1915-1924", Prologue, 10 (Spring 1978), p. 24; Ronald Fernandez, " Getting Germans to Fight Germans: The Americanizers of World War I", The Journal of Ethnic Studies, 9 (Summer 1981), p. 61.

²⁰⁰ Carlson, The Quest for Conformity p. 113; Edward George Hartmann, The Movement to Americanize the Immigrant (New York: Columbia University Press 1948), p. 92; Henry Ford, quoted in Otis L. Graham and Elizabeth Koed, " Americanizing the Immigrant, Past and Future", The Social

Contract, 4 (Winter 1993-94), p. 101; Gerd Korman, Industrialization, Immigrants and Americanization (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1967), p. 147, 158-59; Higham, Strangers in the Land, p. 244-45.

²⁰¹ Higham, Strangers in the Land, p. 249.

²⁰² Carlson, The Quest for Conformity, p. 89-90.

²⁰³ John F. McClymer, " The Americanization Movement and the Education of the Foreign-Born Adult, 1914-25", in Bernard J. Weiss, ed., American Education and the European Immigrant, 1840-1940 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), p. 98; McClymer, " The Federal Government and the Americanization Movement, 1915-1924", p. 40; Hartmann, The Movement to Americanize the Immigrant, p. 64ff.

²⁰⁴ Miller, The Unmaking of Americans, p. 221, 223.

²⁰⁵ Carl F. Kaestle, Pillars of the Republic: Common Schools and American Society, 1780-1860 (New York: Hill & Wang 1983), p. 161-62.

²⁰⁶ Stephen Steinberg, The Ethnic Myth: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in America (New York: Atheneum, 1981), p. 54.

²⁰⁷ Joel M. Roitman, The Immigrants, the Progressives, and the Schools (Stark, KS: De Young Press 1996), p.l; McClymer", The Americanization Movement", p. 103; Miller, The Unmaking of Americans, p. 49; Roitman, The Immigrants, the Progressives, and the Schools, p. 51-52; Carlson, The Quest for Conformity, p. 114; Reed Ueda, " When Assimilation Was the American Way", Washington Post, 2 April 1995, p. R10.

²⁰⁸ Curti, Roots of American Loyalty, p. 223ff; Paul С Stern, " Why Do People Sacrifice for Their Nations? " Political Psychology, 16 (2, 1995), p. 223-24.

²⁰⁹ Robin M. Williams, Jr., American Society: A Sociological Interpretation (New York: Knopf, 1952), p. 527, quoted in Gleason, Speaking of Diversity, p. 175.