Exercise 3. Identify the passive structures followed by a pre­position and give Russian equivalents of the following sentences.

l) This method has been referred to in an earlier paper. 2) I do not think this instrument can be relied upon. 3) The data cannot be accounted for by the existing theory. 4) At the beginning of the lecture the laboratory assistant was sent for by the lecturer. 5) The invention was spoken of at the meeting of our stuff. 6) He is a good specialist; his advice can always be relied on. 7)The report is very interesting; the speaker is being listened to with great attention. 8) The latest research is much spoken about. 9) Some aspects of the foregoing topics are dealt with in the next chapter. 10) The prolongation of life may be thought of as a feat of endurance rather than a race against time. 11) The best of treatment was generally agreed upon.

Exercise 4. Make the sentences passive. Use by... only if it is necessary to say who does / did the action. The first sentence is done for you as an example:

Shakespeare wrote " Hamlet". - " Hamlet" was written by Shakespeare.

1) People are using computers in all kinds of work. 2) My supervisor gave me a new task. 3) They are repairing your car now. 4) People in Chile speak Spanish. 5) They listen carefully to his advice. 6) Electricity drives this car. 7) Somebody will tell you where to go. 8) This monograph touches upon the problem of vital importance. 9) They granted her leave in September. 10) The Chinese invented gunpowder. 11) They don’t sell stamps in bookshops. 12) The directors are still considering your application.

Exercise 5. Small group work. List as many activities as you can in five minutes that are being done within a kilometre of the classroom. Which group has the most ideas?

Example: Cars are being driven.

Exercise 6. Election campaign. You are preparing part of the candidate’s campaign for election to a post in the local government. What sort of things should your candidate promise in order to gain votes: what should he or she undertake?

For example: A new school will be built.

Work in small groups and work out a program of what will be done, each group for a different candidate, and write it out. Then one member of your group as ‘the candidate’ should present the program. You can help them while they are doing that! Finally, one of the candidates will be elected in a democratic election!

Exercise 7. Write down five things that are normally done by men, five things that are normally done by women, and five that are normally done equally by both. Share your ideas: do you agree with each other? Discuss whether these things can/might/should be done by a member of the opposite sex - and what will happen if they are.

Exercise 8. Transform the sentences to the passive:

1) They asked him to show the first-year students the new equipment of the laboratory.

2) They use this term in many specialities.

3) When the professor entered the lab, the new lab assistant greeted him.

4) Someone was adjusting the equipment while I was there.

5) They have invited her to the conference.

6) She will send her paper to the Organizing committee of the conference.

7) Have you changed anything?

8) How soon will they submit the paper?

9) Have they tested all the machines?