III. Consonants

PRACTICAL PHONETICS

Remember the following terms:

an alphabet ['æ lfə bə t] / ABC - алфавит

a sound [ saʊ nd ] - звук

a letter [ ‘letə ] – буква

a silent [ ‘saIlə nt] letter – непроизносимая буква

a letter combination [, kɒ mbɪ 'neɪ ʃ (ə)n] - буквосочетание

a vowel ['vaʊ ə l] – гласный звук, гласная буква

a long vowel – долгий гласный звук

a short vowel – краткий гласный звук

a diphthong ['dɪ fθ ɒ ŋ ] - дифтонг

a consonant ['kɒ n(t)s(ə)nə nt] – согласный звук, согласная буква

a vowel combination – сочетание гласных букв

a consonant combination – сочетание согласных букв

voiced [ vɔ Ist ] - звонкий

voiceless [ ‘vɔ Islə s] – глухой

interdental [, ɪ ntə 'dent(ə)l] – межзубный

alveolar [, æ lvɪ 'ə ulə ] sound – альвеолярный звук, т.е. при произношении звука кончик языка находится на альвеолах

a syllable [ ‘sɪ lə bl ] – слог

an open syllable – открытый слог

a closed syllable – закрытый слог

to pronounce [prə 'naʊ ns] – произносить

pronunciation [prə, nʌ nsɪ 'eɪ ʃ (ə)n] – призношение

aspiration [, æ sp(ə)'reɪ ʃ (ə)n] - придыхание

to transcribe [træ n'skraɪ b] – транскибировать

transcription [træ n'skrɪ pʃ (ə)n] – транскрипция, транскрибирование

a type of reading – тип чтения

a phonetic symbol [fə 'netɪ k 'sɪ mb(ə)l] – фонетический знак, знак фонетической транскрипции

stress [ stres ] - ударение

stressed [ strest ] - ударный

unstressed [ ʌ n’strest ] - безударный

intonation [, ɪ ntə u'neɪ ʃ (ə)n] – интонация

The English Alphabet (26 letters)

A a [ eI ] J j [ dʒ eI ] S s [ es ]

B b [ bi: ] K k [ keI ] T t [ ti: ]

C c [ si: ] L l [ el ] U u [ ju: ]

D d [ di: ] M m [ em ] V v [ vi: ]

E e [ i: ] N n [ en ] W w [ ‘dʌ blju: ]

F f [ ef ] O o [ ə u ] X x [ eks ]

G g [ dʒ i: ] P p [ pi: ] Y y [ waI ]

H h [ eItʃ ] Q q [ kju: ] Z z [ zed ]

I i [ aI ] R r [ a: ]

Phonetic symbols (45 sounds)

I. Vowels

[ I ], short stressed vowel, ex. sit [ sIt ]

[ i ], short unstressed vowel, ex. happy [ ‘hæ pi ]

[ i: ], long vowel, ex. see [ si: ]

[ e ], short stressed vowel, ex. ten [ ten ]

[ ə ], short unstressed vowel, ex. ago [ə ‘gə u ]

[ æ ], short wide open vowel, ex. hat [ hæ t ]

[ 3: ], long vowel, ex. first [ f3: st ]

[ ʌ ], short stressed vowel, ex. bus [ bʌ s ]

[ a: ], long vowel, ex. arm [ a: m ]

[ ɒ ], short stressed vowel, ex. got [ gɒ t ]

[ ɔ: ], long vowel, ex. saw [ sɔ: ]

[ ʊ ], short stressed vowel, ex. put [ pʊ t ]

[ u: ], long vowel, ex. too [ tu: ]

II. Diphthongs. Diphthongs are two vowel sounds pronounced together. The first sound is strong, the second is weak.

[ eI ], ex. page [ peIdʒ ] [ ɔ I ], ex. join [ dʒ ɔ I ]

[ ə ʊ ], ex. home [ hə ʊ m ] [ Iə ], ex. near [ nIə ]

[ aI ], ex. five [ faIv ] [ eə ], ex. hair [ heə ]

[ aʊ ], ex. now [ naʊ ] [ ʊ ə ], ex. poor [ pʊ ə ]

III. Consonants

[ p ] voiceless consonant sound pronounced with aspiration, ex. pen [ pen ]

[ b ] voiced consonant sound, ex. bad [ bæ d ]

[ t ] alveolar voiceless consonant sound, ex. tea [ ti: ]

[ d ] alveolar voiced consonant sound, ex. did [ dId ]

[ k ] voiceless consonant sound, ex. cat [ kæ t ]

[ g ] voiced consonant sound, ex. get [ get ]

[ f ] voiceless consonant sound, ex. fall [ fɔ: l ]

[ v ] voiced consonant sound, ex. voice [ vɔ Is ]

[ s ] voiceless consonant sound, ex. site [ saIt ]

[ z ] voiced consonant sound, ex. zoo [ zu: ]

[ ʃ ] voiced consonant sound, similar to Russian [ щ ], ex. she [ʃ i: ]

[ ʒ ] voiced consonant sound, similar to Russian [ ж ], ex. vision [ vIʒ n]

[ tʃ ] voiceless consonant sound, similar to Russian [ ч ], ex. cheese [tʃ i: z]

[ dʒ ] voiced consonant sound, ex. June [dʒ u: n ]

[ θ ] interdental voiceless consonant sound, ex. thin [ θ In ]

[ ð ] interdental voiced consonant sound, ex. then [ ð en ]

[ h ] voiceless consonant sound pronounced with aspiration, ex. how [ haʊ ]

[ m ] voiced consonant sound, ex. man [ mæ n ]

[ l ] alveolar voiced consonant sound, ex. leg [ leg ]

[ n ] alveolar voiced consonant sound, ex. no [ nə u ]

[ ŋ ] nasal (носовой) consonant sound, ex. sing [ sIŋ ]

[ r ] voiced consonant sound, ex. red [ red ]

[ j ] voiced consonant sound, similar to Russian [ й ], ex. yes [ jes ]

[ w ] voiced consonant sound, ex. wet [ wet ]

R u l e s of reading

I. READING OF VOWELS (only stressed vowels*)

*Unstressed vowels are usually pronounced [ ə ]. Letter e in the unstressed position is often pronounced [ I ].