Rivalry

o Degree of concentration and balance amongcompetitors

o Diversity among competitors

o Industry growth rate (past & projected)

o Fixed costs/value added

o Intermittent overcapacity

o Product differentiation

o Growth of foreign competition

o Corporate stakes

o Exit barriers

21. What are the differences among the MNCs strategies in global and multidomestic industries?

alliance is an agreement between two or more parties, made in order to advance common goals and to secure common interests.

Centralized: bottom-up approach; decentralized: top-down. (organizational structure)

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a measure of foreign ownership of productive assets, such as factories, mines and land. Increasing foreign investment can be used as one measure of growing economic globalization.

Joint venture (JV) is an entity formed between two or more parties to undertake economic activity together. The parties agree to create a new entity by both contributing equity, and they then share in the revenues, expenses, and control of the enterprise.

License is " an authorization (by the licensor) to use the licensed material (by the licensee)."

Multi-domestic Strategy

o Product customized for each market

o Decentralized control - local decision making

o Effective when large differences exist between countries

o Advantages: product differentiation, local responsiveness, minimized political risk, minimized exchange rate risk

Global Strategy

o Product is the same in all countries.

o Centralized control - little decision-making authority on the local level

o Effective when differences between countries are small

Advantages: cost, coordinated activities, faster product development

22. Compare and contrast the theories of absolute and comparative advantage. How do they stand today? Does one stand more than the other? Why or why not? Support your answer with examples.

The Principle of Absolute Advantage

A country has an absolute advantage over it trading partners if it is able to produce more of a good or service with the same amount of resources or the same amount of a good or service with fewer resources. In the case of Zambia, the country has an absolute advantage over many countries in the production of copper. This occurs because of the existence of reserves of copper ore or bauxite. We can see that in terms of the production of goods, there are obvious gains from specialization and trade, if Zambia produces copper and exports it to those countries that specialize in the production of other goods or services.

The Principle of Comparative Advantage

It is easy to see that if countries have an absolute advantage there are advantages to trade. However, what happens if one country has an absolute advantage over its trading partners in the production of a number of goods. Specialization and trade can still result in there being welfare gains made from trade.

A country has a comparative advantage in the production of a good or service that it produces at a lower opportunity cost than its trading partners. Some countries have an absolute advantage in the production of many goods relative to their trading partners. Some have an absolute disadvantage. They are inefficient in producing anything, relative to their trading partners. The theory of comparative costs argues that, put simply, it is better for a country that is inefficient at producing a good or service to specialize in the production of that good it is least inefficient at, compared with producing other goods.

Example:

The Production Possibility Curve can be used to illustrate the principles of absolute and comparative advantage.

Country A has an absolute advantage in the production of both maize and wheat. At all points its production possibility curve lies to the right of that of Country B. Country B has an absolute disadvantage. Due to abundance of raw materials or more productively efficient production techniques, Country A is able to produce more wheat and more maize that Country B. Perhaps common sense tells us that Country A should produce both goods and export surpluses and Country B neither. However, when comparative advantage is considered a different story emerges.

Consider the opportunity cost of Country A producing one more unit of maize. Half a unit of wheat has been foregone. When country B produces one more unit of maize two units of wheat are foregone. Economics is concerned with the allocation of scarce resources. Fewer resources are foregone if Country A concentrates its resources in the production of maize.

Now consider the opportunity cost of Country B producing one more unit of wheat. Two units of maize have been foregone. When Country B produces one more unit of wheat only half a unit of maize is foregone. Fewer resources are foregone if Country B specialises in the production of wheat.

In the above case Country A should produce maize and Country B wheat. The surpluses produce should then be traded.

23. What do the contemporary trade theories state? Provide examples.

Contemporary trade theories: