XXVI. Read the text. Do the tasks coming after it.

Who’s a Hillbilly?

I once dated a boy who called me a hillbilly because my family has livedin the Ozarks in southern Missouri for several generations. I took offense not realizing that as a foreigner to the United States he was unaware of the insult. He had meant it as a term of endearment. Nonetheless, it rankled. I started thinking about the implications of the term to me, my family and my community.

While growing up I was often surprised at the way television belittled “country” people. We weren't offended by the self-effacing humor of “The Andy Griffith Show” and “The Beverly Hillbillies” because, after all, Andy and Jed were the heroes of these shows, and through them we could comfortably laugh at ourselves. But as I learned about tolerance and discrimination in school, I wondered why stereotypes of our lifestyle went unexamined. Actors playing “country” people on TV were usually comic foils or objects of ridi­cule. Every sitcom seemed to have an episode where country cousins, wearing high-water britches and carrying patched suitcases, visited their city friends. And movies like “Deliverance” portrayed country people as backward and violent.

As a child I laughed at the exaggerated accents and dress, never imagining that viewers believed such nonsense. Li’l Abner and the folks on “Нее Haw” were amusing, but we on the farm knew that our work did not lend itself to bare feet, gingham bras and revealing cutoff jeans. Although our nation professes a growing commitment to cultural egalitarianism, we consistently oversimplify and misunderstand our rural culture. Since the 1960s, minority groups in America have fought for acknowledgment, appreciation and, above all, respect. But in our increasingly urban society, rural Americans have been unable to escape from the hillbilly stigma, which is frequently accompanied by labels like “white trash, ” “redneck” and “hayseed”. These negative stereotypes are as unmerciful as they are unfounded.

When I graduated from college, I traveled to a nearby city to find work. There I heard wisecracks about the uneducated rural folk who lived a few hours away. I also took some ribbing about the way I pronounced certain words, such as “tin” instead of “ten” and “again” for “again.” And my expressed desire to return to the country someday was usually met with scorn, bewilderment or genuine concern. Co-workers often asked, “But what is there to do? ” Thoreau may have gone to Walden Pond, they argued, but he had no intention of staying there.

With the revival of country music in the early 1980s, hillbiliyness was again marketable. Country is now big business. Traditional country symbols − Minnie Pearl’s hat tag and Daisy Mae − have been eclipsed by the commercially successful Nashville Network, Country Music Television and music theaters in Branson, MO. Many “country” Americans turned the negative stereotype to their advantage and packaged the hillbilly legacy.

Yet with successful commercialization, the authentic elements of America's rural culture have been juxtaposed with the stylized. Country and Westernbars are now chic. While I worked in the city, I watched with amazement, as my Yuppie friends hurried from their corporate desks to catch the 6: 30 line-dancing class at the edge of town. Donning Ralph Lauren jeans and ankle boots, they drove to the trendiest country bars, sat and danced together and poked fun at the local “hicks”, who arrived in pickup trucks wearing Wrangler jeans and roper boots.

Every summer weekend in Missouri the freeways leading out of our cities are clogged with vacationers. Minivans and RVs edge toward a clear river with a campground and canoe rental, a quiet lake resort or craft show in a remote Ozark town. Along these popular vacation routes, the rural hosts of convenience stores, gift shops and corner cafes accept condescension along with personal checks and credit cards. On a canoeing trip not long ago, I recall sitting on the transport bus and listening, heartbroken, as a group of tourists ridiculed our bus driver. They yelled, “Hey, plowboy, ain't ya got no terbacker fer us? ” They pointed at the young man's sweat-stained overalls as he, seemingly unaffected by their insults, singlehandedly carried their heavy aluminum canoes to the water's edge. That “plowboy” was one of my high-school classmates. He greeted the tourists with a smile and tolerated their derision because he knew tourism brings dollars and jobs.

America is ambivalent when it comes to claiming its rural heritage. We may fantasize about Thomas Jefferson’s agrarian vision, but there is no mistaking that ours is an increasingly urban culture. Despite their disdain for farm life − with its manure-caked boots, long hours and inherent financial difficulties − urbanites rush to imitate a sanitized version of this lifestyle. And the individuals who sell this rendition understand that the customer wants to experience hillbillyness without the embarrassment of being mistaken for one.

Thought it all, we Ozarkians remind ourselves how fortunate we are to live in a region admired for its blue springs, rolling hills and geological wonders. In spite of the stereotypes, most of us are not uneducated. Nor are we stupid. We are not white supremacists, and we rarely marry our cousins. Our reasons for living in the hills are as complex and diverse as our population. We have a unique sense of community, strong family ties, a beautiful environment and a quiet place for retirement.

We have criminals and radicals, but they are the exception. Our public-education system produces successful farmers, doctors, business professionals and educators. Country music is our favorite, but we also like rock and roll, jazz, blues and classical. We read Louis L’Amour, Maya Angelou and the Wall Street Journal. And in exchange for living here, many of us put up with a lower standard of living and the occasional gibe from those who persist in calling us “hillbillies.”

Rebecca Thomas Kirkendall

a) Explain the meaning of the words: endearment, cultural egalitarianism, minority groups, the hillbilly, to be marketable, condescension, derision, to be ambivalent, supremacists.

b) Comment on the cultural connotations of the following names and words: Thoreau, Minni Pearl’s hat tag, Daisy Mae, yuppee, Ralph Lauren jeans, Wrangler jeans, Thomas Jefferson, the Wall Street Journal. What is their function in the text?

c) Dwell on the following points:

· What are the implications of the term “hillbilly” to the author, her family and her community?

· In what way television belittle “country people”?

· The personal negative experience of the author while living in the city.

· Commercialization of traditional country symbols and its consequences.

· What labels are applied for the country dwellers in the USA? What are their implications?

· What the country dwellers really are according to R.T. Kirkendall?

· What fragments of the text would you use to illustrate your report on stereotypes?

· What are the reasons of prejudice against the rural folks in the USA, according to the author? Is the situation typical for other countries as well?

· What other social groups are often stereotyped? What are the sources of these stereotypes? How do mass media and mass culture support them?

· What other labels (ethnic, professional, etc.) do you know?