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Task 15. Find in the text the phrases with a participle and translate them.






In addition to the rights that have been discussed for a long time, human rights advocates suggest there are further emerging rights issues facing the inter­national community. One such issue has developed in response to a growing trend by nation-states to privatize essential human services like water. In response, there has been a growing call for the right to clean water. In 2003, the UN endorsed this right when the World Health Organization (WHO) published the “The Right to Water, ” the endorsement being based upon enshrined rights, including the right to health found in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Article 25, stating that “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, ” as well as other treaties, including the Rights of the Child and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Having proclaimed “The Right to Water, ” WHO connected water and health, observing that “in the past 10 years, diarrhoea has killed more children than all those lost to armed conflict in almost 60 years since the Second World War” and that “a child dies every 15 seconds from diarrhoea, caused largely by poor sanitation and water supply”. However, while WHO explains that access to clean water is critical to human health and, indeed, to human existence, critics argue that a “right to water” is problematic on many levels. For example, it is unclear who would be responsible for and capable of insuring and protecting this right. Addition­ally, assertions of a “right to water” could cause conflict over transboundary waters. There are also concerns about abuse; some people worry that governments might “over-allocate water to privileged groups, at the expense of both people and the environment”.

 

Task 16. Find and correct the mistakes in the text (there are 5 mistakes concerning the use of Participles):

DNA rights

One other area of concern for human rights advocates is the right to one’s human genetic data. Specifically, having making scientific advances the genetics made possible the use of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as an identifier. DNA is widely used in criminal cases around the world, many nations now having huge databases of DNA files. Been a powerful tool that can help law enforcement to not only identify and punish criminals but also vindicate individuals who have been falsely accused or convicted of crimes, DNA also poses the potential for abuse, as Britain discovered. In December 2008, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Britain had violated its citizens’ rights by retaining the DNA of people having been arrested for a crime and later acquitted. Having studying the cases, the Court argued that, “given the nature and the amount of personal information contained in cellular samples, their retention per se had to be regarded as interfering with the right to respect for the private lives of the individuals concerned.” Britain will have to respond to the Court’s ruling, explaining how it will comport itself in concert with the Court’s interpretation of the relationship between human rights and DNA. Had become more widely available genetic testing gives the possibility of discrimination based on genetic profiles. Civil liber­tarians are particularly concerned about insurance companies accessing the genetic profiles of their clients or potential clients. They worry that genetic information, such as certain disease markers, might be used to deny people coverage. Others warn that employers who have access to their employees’ genetic profiles might decide to fire people who are genetically pre­disposed to diseases that might interfere with productivity or cost the company money. In contrast, supporters of genetic testing argue that genetic information is more likely to empower individuals than put them at the mercy of insurance companies and employers, pointed out that only by knowing what diseases they might have can people take effective action to prevent, delay, or mitigate their manifestation and effects.


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