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Typology of derivational systems
1) Ways of enriching language vocabulary 2) A typology of conversion 3) A typology of affixation 4) A typology of compounding Ways of enriching language vocabulary. Apart from borrowing which is an external way of enriching a language vocabulary there is also the internal way which comprises 3 basic types: 1) WORD-FORMATION 2) SEMANTIC CHANGE 3) WORD COMBINATION
Especially important for typology is word-formation which includes 3 principal means: 1) CONVERSION 2) AFFIXATION 3) COMPOUNDING
English has plenty of productive patterns:
Productivity of English conversion results in 2 consequences: 1) an indefinite number of identical word-chains correlated semantically(up to 5): /e.g./ round: Adj > N > > Adv > Prep > V 2) semantic diversity of conversion relations: various types: a) abstract noun > name of an action (dream > to dream) b) concrete noun > name of an action (hand > to hand) c) collective noun > name of an action (crowd > to crowd) d) name of substance > name of an action (water > to water) French is also characterized by conversion
In French, like in English the borderlines between parts of speech are fuzzy, hence identical word-chains correlated semantically: fermer (V) “close” > fermé (Adj) “firm”(as in “ la terre fermé ”) > ferme (N) “farm” > ferme (Adv) (as in “ travailler ferme ” = “work hard”)
There is conversion in Russian, too, though it is less extensively used and all the patterns are non-productive.
TYPOLOGY OF CONVERSION IN ENGLISH, FRENCH AND RUSSIAN
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