Лекция 4. Typology of affixation

TYPOLOGY OF AFFIXATION

Structurally there are 3 types of derivatives each represented by 2 subtypes according to the number of affixes:

1. THE SUFFIXAL TYPE [R + S]: a) [R + s]; b) [R + s1 + s2]

2. THE PREFIXAL TYPE [p + R]: a) [p + R]; b) [p2 + p1 + R]

3. THE PREFIX-SUFFIXAL TYPE [p + R + s]: a) [p + R + s]; b) [p2 + p1 + R + s]

THE SUFFIXAL TYPE.

RUSSIAN. The “agent” in nearly every derivative discriminates the sex of the person in 3 basic patterns:

PATTERN 1 (nominal): [Rn + s] PRODUCTIVE

The derivative based on “occupation” refers to both male and female agents

/e.g./: работа > работник, газета > газетчик, камень > каменщик

PATTERN 2 (nominal): [Rn + s] PRODUCTIVE

The derivative based on “male” refers to “female”

/e.g./: повар > повариха, парикмахер > парикмахерша, студент > студентка

PATTERN 3 (verbal): [Rv + s] NON-PRODUCTIVE

/e.g./: делать > делец, зубрить > зубрила, ломаться > ломака, задаваться > задавака

ENGLISH. Both in nominal and verbal patterns normally there is no sex discrimination in 3 basic patterns:

PATTERN 1 (verbal): [Rv + suffix – er (- or)]. SUPERPRODUCTIVE

/e.g./: teach – teacher, sing – singer, hunt – hunter

In one and the same word the suffix may have various senses:

1) “ person who hunts”

2) “a dog trained for hunting”

3) “a horse trained for hunting”

In different stems the suffix may be polysemantic, too:

/e.g./: teacher “person” – boiler “object” – setter “animal”

PATTERN 2 (verbal): [Rv + suffix – ee ]. PRODUCTIVE

/e.g./ employ > employee, nominate > nominee, pay > payee

PATTERN 3 (nominal): [Rn/adj + suffix –ist ]. PRODUCTIVE

Art > artist, escape > escapist, column > columnist

FRENCH. The “agent” frequently discriminates the sex of the person in 3 basic patterns:

PATTERN 1 (verbal) [ Rv + pair suffix –eur/euse]. SUPERPRODUCTIVE

/e.g./: acheter “buy” – acheteur (acheteuse).

In different stems the suffix may be polysemantic, like - er in English:

/e.g./: marcheur (“one who marches”) “person”

rongeur (“one who gnaws”) “animal”

condenseur (“smth. that condenses electric charge”) “object”

PATTERN 2 (verbal) [Rv + suffix –ant(e) ]. PRODUCTIVE

/e.g./: habiter “live, inhabit” > habitant

PATTERN 3 (nominal) [Rn/adj + pair suffix -ien/ienne ]. PRODUCTIVE

/e.g./: technique > technicien

PATTERN 4 (nominal) [ Rn/adj + pair suffix -ier/-iere ]

/e.g./ jardin “garden” > jardinnier, chanson “song’ > chansonnier

The other suffixal structure [R + s1 + s2] is rarely used except in science and fiction to form abstract nouns:

ENGLISH: friend-ly-ness; hopeful-ness; care-less-ness

FRENCH: transit-iv-ité nation-al-ité, admiss-ibil-ité

RUSSIAN: строи-тель-ство

THE PREFIXAL TYPE. The prefixal structure [p + R] is widespread and used in different parts of speech.

RUSSIANin verbs: вы-вести, за-ключить, под-лечить