Assignments

I. Suggest the Russian equivalents

they wanted their gold to pay for some things with; two developments turned these goldsmiths into bankers; it transferred some of the gold they had...to the seller; the goldsmith was short of gold; the risks involved; to make a profit through his interest charges; a goldsmith took too much of a risk; he was bound to lose some of the gold

II. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text

1. In the past most societies used different objects as __ to buy __, topay for __.

2. Some of these were valuable because they were __, others- because they __.

3. People used gold, __, as money.

4. People __ their gold with __, people who __ also had __ to keep gold safe in.

5. When people wanted some of their gold to __, they went and __ it from the goldsmith.

6. People found it a lot easier __ the seller __, that we would nowadays call __, than it was __ some gold and then __ to him.

7. Once these letters or cheques, became __ as a way of __ for goods, people felt that the gold they __ with the goldsmith, was just __ as gold in their own __.

8. People started to say that their __ were what they __ plus their __.

9. Goldsmiths realized they had a great deal of__ lying in their vaults __.

10. This development was actually of__ than the first.

11. At the moment of his first loan the goldsmith __, it wasn't actually __ gold, but he __ it was __ that everyone who __ gold with him would want it back __.

12. The third row shows that although the goldsmith's __ were the same, but__ $110, not $100.

13. When the firm __ for $10, and that person came in __ his $10 worth of gold, the goldsmith's __.

14. It made __ to the goldsmith whether his __ was in __ or in a form of__.

15. Reserves arc the amount of gold that is __ to meet __.

16. As a banker he __ the fact that __ would want their gold __ at the same time.

17. The reserve ratio is the ratio of __ to __.

18. How much __ he lend out in order to __ through __?

19. People __ he could pay them all back, he __ to lose some of the gold he had lent, so they __ to get their gold back before __.

20. The __ or __, leads to exactly what people __: the bank cannot __ them, __, and they __ as well.

III. Find in the text English equivalents for the following

использовать золото (слитки) в качестве денег; отдавать на хранение;

золотых дел мастер; (банковское) хранилище (охраняемый подвал); заби­рать у мастера; стали приниматься в качестве платежа за товары; неис­пользуемое золото; оставив себе только 90 долларов; простая сделка; не­большой риск с небольшой прибылью; расплатиться; обанкротиться (2 вар.); финансовая паника; натиск вкладчиков на банк

IV. Answer the questions

1. What did people use as money? Give some examples.

2. What were the reasons that made some societies start using precious metals as money?

3. Who were the original bankers? Where did they keep gold?

4. What are the 2 developments that turned the goldsmiths into bankers? Which of them is of greater importance?

5. What kind of letter did people give to the seller as a payment? What's it called nowadays?

6. Why did people start to say that their money holdings were what they had with them plus their money deposits?

7. How was the system of deposits started?

8. What did a firm ask a goldsmith for? Did he agree to it? On what terms?

9. Explain the information in the first and in the second rows of the table.

10. What did the firm want to do with the gold it had borrowed from the goldsmith? What would we call a deposit today?

11. Explain the information in the third and the fourth rows of the table.

12. What was the goldsmith relying on as a banker?

13. What is reserves and a reserve ratio? What is the goldsmith's reserve ratio after making the loan?

14. Why is it said that the goldsmith took too much of a risk? How much did he lend? What did people do? What is it called nowadays?

V. Translate into English using all the active possible

1. Когда царствует процветание, можно ожидать, что банки расширят кредит до максимума своих возможностей. Наоборот, когда на экономи­ческом горизонте появляются тучи депрессии, банкиры поспешно берут назад свои предложения о займах, стремясь к безопасной ликвидности, даже если для этого потребуется пожертвовать потенциальным доходом от процента. Банкиры могут опасаться крупномасштабных изъятий вкла­дов паникующим населением и сомневаться в способности заемщиков выплатить ссуду.

MODERN BANKING (СОВРЕМЕННАЯ БАНКОВСКАЯ СИСТЕМА)

The goldsmith bankers were an early example of a financial intermediary.

A financial intermediary is an institution that specializes in bringing lenders and borrowers together.

A commercial bank borrows money from the public, crediting them with a deposit. The deposit is a liability of the bank. It is money owed to depositors. In turn the bank lends money to firms, households or governments wishing to borrow.

Banks are not the only financial intennediaries. Insurance companies, pension funds, and building societies also take in money in order to relend it. The crucial feature of banks is that some of their liabilities are used as a means of payment, and are therefore part of the money stock.

Commercial banks are financial intermediaries with a government licence to make loans and issue deposits, including deposits against, which cheques can be written.

Let's start by looking at the present-day UK banking system. Although the details vary from country to country, the general principle is much the same everywhere.

In the UK, the commercial banking system comprises about 600 registered banks, the National Girobank operating through post offices, and a dozen trustee saving banks. Much the most important single group is the London clearing banks. The clearing banks are so named because they have a central clearing house for handling payments by cheque.

A clearing system is a set of arrangements in which debts between banks are settled by adding up all the transactions in a given period and paying only the net amounts needed to balance inter-bank accounts.

Suppose you bank with Barclays but visit a supermarket that banks with Lloyds. To pay for your shopping you write a cheque against your deposit at Barclays. The supermarket pays this cheque into its account at Lloyds. In turn, Lloyds presents the cheque to Barclays, which will credit Lloyds' account at Barclays and debit your account at Barclays by an equivalent amount. Because you purchased goods from a supermarket using a different bank, a transfer of funds between the two banks is required. Crediting or debiting one bank's account at another bank is the simplest way to achieve this.

However on the same day someone else is probably writing a cheque on a Lloyds' deposit account to pay for some stereo equipment from a shop banking with Barclays. The stereo shop pays the cheque into its Barclays' account, increasing its deposit. Barclays then pays the cheque into its account at Lloyds where this person's account is simultaneously debited. Now the transfer flows from Lloyds to Barclays.

Although in both cases the cheque writer's account is debited and the cheque recipient's account is credited, it does not make sense for the two banks to make two separate inter-bank transactions between themselves. The clearing system calculates the net flows between the member clearing banks and these are the settlements that they make between themselves. Thus the system of clearing cheques represents another way society reduces the costs of making transactions.