Direct Opposition Subordinators

­Notes: While and whereas have the same meaning and they are interchangeable. Use commas between two clauses, no matter which order they are.

Elista is cool during the summer, whereas Simferopol is generally hot. Whereas Simferopol is generally hot during the summer, Elista is cool. Whereas Elista is cool during the summer, Simferopol is generally hot. Simferopol is generally hot during the summer, whereas Elista is cool.

Concession (Unexpected Result Clauses)

A concession clause means “This idea is true, but the idea in the independent clause is more important:. This clause is sometimes called “unexpected result” clause because the information in the independent clause is surprising or unexpected based on the information given in the concession clause.

Notes: Although, even though, and through have almost the same meaning. Though is less formal. Even though is a little stronger than although. Use a comma between two clauses, no matter which order they are in.

Exercise № 51. Use subordinators in given sentences. Modem Olympic equestrian events emphasize style. The ancient Greek events emphasized speed.

Modern Olympic equestrian events emphasize style, (whereas) the ancient Greek events emphasized speed.

1. Both the common cold and the flu are caused by viruses. Only the flu can be prevented through immunization.

2. A cold develops gradually, and any fever that develops will be low-grade (101°F or less). The flu often comes on abruptly, with a sudden high fever.

3. Ludwig van Beethoven became totally deaf in midlife. He wrote some of the Western world’s greatest music.

4. South Korea is becoming an economic superpower. It is a small country with few natural resources.

5. The Northwest rainfall averages hundreds of inches annually. The Southwest averages less than 12 inches per year.

6. Scientists know why earthquakes happen. They are still not able to predict them.

7. Smokers claim the right to smoke in public places. Nonsmokers claim the right to breathe clean air.