Независимый причастный оборот (абсолютная конструкция)

В то время как в обычном (зависимом) причастном обороте субъект действия, выраженного причастием, совпадает с подлежащим предложения, независимый причастный оборот имеет собственный субъект действия, который не совпадает с подлежащим предложения; ср.:

¹⁸ Речь идет о «Фаусте» К. Марло (1546—1593). ¹⁹ Crusaders — крестоносцы.

Независимый причастный оборот может выполнять в предложении функции обстоятельства времени, причины и условия. Он всегда отделяется от главного предложения запятой.

В функции обстоятельства времени и причины оборот переводится придаточным предложением с союзами «так как», «когда», «после того как»; например:

The conference being over, the participants went on an excursion.

Когда (после того как) конференция закончилась, участники поехали на экскурсию.

Their work completed, the secretaries left.

Когда их работа была закончена, секретари ушли.

В функции обстоятельства сопутствующих условий такой оборот обычно ставится после главного предложения и переводится самостоятельным предложением с союзами «причем», «а», «и», «тогда как»; например:

The figure represents an animal, its total length being two and a half inches.

Фигура изображает животное, причем ее общая длина составляет 2.5 дюйма.

Примечание 1. Перед субъектом действия независимого причастного оборота иногда ставится предлог with. Функции таких оборотов и перевод их на русский язык не отличаются от функций и перевода оборотов основного типа. Предлог with не переводится:

The territory extends for about 150 miles, with a breadth varying from 50 to 100 miles.

Территория простирается на 150 миль, причем ширина ее изменяется от 50 до 100 миль.

Примечание 2. В независимом причастном обороте, начинающемся с There being... субъект действия оборота стоит после причастия:

There being nobody in the room, he decided to wait.

Так как в комнате никого не было, он решил подождать.

Упражнения

1. Найдите независимые причастные обороты в следующих предложениях. Переведите предложения.

1. These tribes supported themselves by hunting, elk being obviously the most valuable game: it provided meat, skin, bones,

2. A University was established at Constantinople in 425, teaching being conducted both in Latin and Greek.

3. Hunting being forbidden there, these little islands are a paradise for geese, ducks and snipe,

4. In such conflicts prisoners are never made, the conquerors preferring the heads of their victims to any ransom that could be offered.

5. In the Celtic regions the population is dispersed, each family living separately with the greater part of its fields around it.

6. The deposits in this place are two in number, the larger being situated on the northern side of the creek.

7. The matter of definitions settled, we may begin our consideration of cultural influences.

8. Three quarters of England was last night blanketed by fog and conditions were among the worst of the winter, with ice adding to driver's difficulties.

9. A French warship arriving almost immediately afterwards, the Japanese explained that the man had been killed by a fall from his horse.

10. China was then divided into several kingdoms, each trying to gain the upperhand.²⁰

11. With the Romans gone, Britain became a prey to invasion from all sides.

12. Lesser authors have been treated in due proportion, care having been taken not to crowd the book with names, dates, or unimportant details.

13. The works from which to take the samples having been selected, the second question to decide was that of the quality and quantity of the sample, that is, its composition and size.

14. At that time Latin was the language of professional intercourse in Western Europe, the vernaculars being regarded as only fit for the baser purposes of life, and for the conversation of the unlearned.

15. The new instrument (the plough) being usually made entirely of wood till the Iron Age, its history can only be inferred from occasional pictures, or more rarely from ancient field boundaries.

²⁰ to gain the upperhand — одержать верх,

2. Найдите субъект действия причастия и определите, чем он выражен. Переведите предложения.

1. My station was in that part of the house which was appropriated for the reception of books, it being my duty to perform the functions of librarian as well as secretary.

2. Salmon, deer, roots and berries are the principal food of natives, these being dried for storage.

3. In general outline the central tumulus may be regarded as quadrangular, if we disregard a slight angle to the south. That taken into account, its form is pentagonal.

4. There being no other choice, they decided to break through.

5. The Normans became the aristocracy in England of that time, and the Saxons the degraded and servile class, the former speaking a dialect of the French language, and the latter holding obstinately by their own expressive tongue.

6. According to this view pottery is an invention made early in man's history at some definite time and place and from that centre of origin all known cases of the use of pottery have been derived, it being unthinkable, according to this view, that such invention could ever have been made twice.

7. Many more of the most precious pictures having had to be moved from the East part of the Museum to the air-conditioned rooms on the West wing, it has been possible to bring up again into the rooms adjoining the dome a considerable number of Italian Renaissance pictures.

8. She ²¹ is best in her short stories, for in the longer ones she is at times very unequal, there being surprising differences in the worth of both dialogue and character at different places in the same work.

9. The primary purposes for which language is employed being to think clearly and to make oneself understood, most changes made by the general will and collective intelligence are in the direction to secure these ends.²²

10. In comparative lexicology we constantly see how the things to be represented by words are grouped differently according to the whims of different languages, what is fused together in one being separated in another.

²¹ Речь идет о Марии Эджворт, ирландской писательнице.

²² ends — здесь: цели.

11. The crops being watered by rain and not by irrigation, the plots soon became exhausted. Thereupon the land seeming unlimited, they were (the people) allowed to return to bush, and fresh plots cleared, till eventually, all the easily accessible land having been thus used up, the whole village was shifted to a new site at the centre of a fresh tract of virgin soil.

12. In the development of the Chinese language, there being nothing equivalent to the affixes with which other languages build abstract words, the want was supplied by compound phrases.

13. The Chinese language will undoubtedly be of inestimable importance in the study of comparative linguistics in the future, it being exceptional in very many respects.

3. Определите тип причастного оборота (зависимый или независимый) и его функцию в предложении. Переведите предложения.

1. There were various novels among them, many being English translations of Italian novels.

2. The other two bronze pieces have been a part of the open work used as antlers, ²³ probably in the middle section. They are certainly incomplete, with the upper end missing.

3. Many of the new compounds have come to Chinese by way of Japanese, the Japanese having set themselves earlier than the Chinese to assimilate the teachings of European science.

4. All the city (Madras) to the north of the old fort contains the native quarters, and the business offices of the white men, but the latter live to the south of the fort, their houses standing in large gardens.

5. The origin of several of the names in «Hamlet» having been explained in this section, we may as well note here some of the others.

6. The monkey is regarded by the natives with superstitious reverence, the power of walking erect and talking being ascribed to it, and is esteemed a clever physician.

7. By the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries fur had become Russia's most important single item ²⁴ in foreign and domestic commerce, Russian furs being prominent in the markets of both Europe and China.

²³ antlers — оленьи рога или украшение в виде рогов.

²⁴ single item — статья (дохода).