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Phonetic sphere of the language includes many units capable of creating stylistic effects. These are sounds, syllables, sentences, words. Syllables are strings of vowel and consonant sounds. And the smallest bits of sound people recognize are vowels and consonants. One of the brightest examples of stylistic effects created by phonetic side of speech is onomatopoeia. Language began with some kind of imitation of sounds, which is what onomatopoeia is about. Onomatopoeic, echoic, or imitative words, then, are those that attempt to reproduce or suggest the myriad sounds made by animals or people, or found in nature and the environment. There are no rules governing the formation of such words. All that is necessary is that the imitative word resembles or suggests the sound, A number ff conventional sound words have developed this way.

" Make practical stylistic tasks

Read the examples of onomatopoeia. Supply similar examples.

Emotions

oh! —of surprise, joy, etc. oho! —of triumph, surprise, etc. ohehoo! —of sneezing ohem! —throaty sound to attract attention boh! —of contempt boo—of disapproval or derision er—of hesitation fie—of disgust hoh? —of suspicion, interrogation, etc. ho-ho! —of laughter ho-hum—of boredom huh? —of disbelief, confusion, etc. humph! —of disbelief oh! —of surprise, sympathy, etc. ouch! —of sudden pain phew! —of disgust or exhaustion pshaw! —of impatience or contempt psst—unobti-usive sound to call someone’s attention sh or shh—of shushing tehee—of snickering laughter tsk-tsk—of pity or commiseration tut-tut—of disapproval or disdain ugh! —of aversion or horror uh-huh--of agreement uh-oh! --of concern or chagrin uh-uh—of disapproval

Speech

babble—speak meaninglessly blab—talk too much blah—meaningless chatter blah-blah-blah—continuous meaningless chatter chatter—talk rapidly or pointlessly gab—chat idly ha//c or hel/o! —call or answer someone hey! —call attention; express surprise hi—greeting ho! —call to attract attention ho//er_yell hushi--urge to be quiet jabber—chatter murmur—low, indistinct speech mutter—speak in a murmur natter—talk on and on prattle—chatter or babble shush! —urge to be quiet squeal—a sharp, shrill cry stutter—speak spasmodically susurrate—whisper tattle—talk idly whimper—speak low whine—make a low, complaining sound yada-yada-yada—continuous meaningless or predictable chatter yap—talk snappishly

Animal Sounds

buzz—of a bee cow—of a crow chirp—of a bird chirr—of a grasshopper chirrup—of a bird cluck—of a hen cock-a-doodle-doo—of a rooster coo—of a dove or pigeon gobble—of a turkey he how—of a donkey hiss—of a snake honk—of a goose hoot—of an owl meow—of a cat moo—of a cow neigh_of a horse oink—of a pig peep—of a small bird purr—of a cat boa—of a sheep bow-wow—of a dog quack—of a duck tweet—of a small bird whinny—of a horse woof—of a dog

Sound Words

Bawl fizz rattle wheeze belch flick sizzle whiz bump burp flutter hiss splatter squawk whoosh chuff huff squeal whump chug hush squish wow crackle gargle thud yahoo crash gurgle thump Yawp crinkle guzzle thwack yikes croak jangle titter yip croon jingle twitter yoa-hoo crush patter ululate zap drone putter whack zing

Sound Effects Bang boing boom click clip-clap beep boo-boo clang clink clunk

Echoic words

An oft-noted characteristic of echoic words is their tendency to take an iterative or frequentative form, as in itsy-bitsy, teeny— weeny, truly—uly. These words take on various forms:

(i) They repeat exactly a base form, e.g., gobble-gobble, tweet-tweet, woof-woof,

(2) They alter the repeated form, e.g., bow-wow, pitter-poitter, tick-Lock, zigzag;

(3)The repeated form serves as an intensifier (mostly in slang words), e.g., jeepers -creepers, okey-dokey, teenyweeny, tip-top;

(4)The iterative word is an alteration of a standard phrase, e.g., itty-bitty (alteration of little bit, further altered to itsy bitsy), hokey-pokey (alteration of hocus-pocus).

" Make practical stylistic tasks

Stydy the phonostemes and their meaning. Supply similar examples.

The phonestheme gl-, for example, is associated with the meaning “light” or “shining” in such words as glare, gleam, slim— inei £ lint, glisten, gloss, dlow, slower;

the cluster fl — is associated with “moving light” in words like flame, flare, flash, flicker, flimmer, and with “quick motion” in words like flee, flip, flit, flop, flow, flurry, fluttei fly;

the cluster — ash suggests “violent motion” in words like bash, clash, crash, dash, nash, mash, slash, splash; and the cluster mp suggests a clumsy action or thing, as in bump, dump, hump, lump, rump, slump, stump, thump.

— i —, which suggests smallness or slightness, as in bits imp, k1d littl slim, slip, thin; or the initial consonant j-, suggesting up-and-down motion, as in j, jinl jo, jounc jule jump; or final —p, - - k, suggesting a sudden stop, in words like clip, crack, hack, pat, rap, snip.

" Make practical stylistic tasks

Name phonetic stylistic devices in these exstracts.

1.

When roasted crabs hiss in the howl,

Then nightly sings the staring owl,

Tu-whit, tu-who a merry note,

While greasy Joan cloth keel the pot. (William Shakespeare, “Winter”)

2.

We’re poor little lambs who’ve lost our way, Baa! Baa! Baa!

We’re little black sheep who’ve gone astray, Baa—aa—aa!

(Rudyard Kiplmg, “Gentlemen-Rankers”)

3/

Keeping time, time, time

In a sort of Runic rhyme,

To the tintinnabulation that so musically wells

From the bells, bells, bells, bells

Bells, bells, bells— From the jingling and the tingling of the bells.

(Edgar Allan Poe, “The Bells”)

J Offer your variant of translating the poems.

" Make practical stylistic tasks

1. Read the story, comment on it’s rhythm

2. Make a syllabic scheme of the extract

Ex.: In the coldest part of the Arctic Zone, '--\-\--\-\

the Eskimos have a legend they tell -\----\--\