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OUGHT TO. Значение Пример Obligation (neither speaker’s authority or external authority) · advisability You ought
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| Значение | Пример | |
| Obligation (neither speaker’s authority or external authority) | ||
| · advisability | You ought to read this book. It’s very good. | |
| · desirability | You ought to say a word or two about yourself. | |
| · duty | You ought to feel some respect for your elders. | |
| · appropriateness | At your age you ought to be earning your living. | |
| Deduction | ||
| · flattery | You ought to be very pleased, oughtn’t you? | |
| · assumption | The plane ought to be taking off in a minute. | |
| · deduction | The new sanatorium ought to be very comfortable. | |
| · criticism | You’re paler than you ought to be. |
SHOULD
| Значение | Пример | |
| Obligation (neither speaker’s authority or external authority) | ||
| · advisability | You shouldn’t feel unhappy over such trifles. | |
| · desirability | He looks very ill. He should have stayed at home. | |
| · duty | You should send in accurate income tax returns. | |
| · appropriateness | You should have something better to do with your time. | |
| · instruction | You should use the definite article in this sentence. | |
| Deduction | ||
| · deduction | The film should be very good as it’s starring first-class actors. | |
| · assumption | He should have finished the translation by now. | |
| Emotional use | ||
| · rhetorical questions | Why shouldn’t you invite him? | |
| · object clauses beginning with Why | I don’t see why we should make friends. | |
| · attributive clauses beginning with Why after the noun reason | There’s no reason why they shouldn’t get on very well together. | |
| · constructions and set phrases | Who should come in but his first wife! | |
| · subjunctive mood | She was terrified lest they should go on talking about her. |
SHALL
| Значение | Пример | |
| Prediction | I shall come into his money in time. | |
| Volition (speaker’s authority) | ||
| · promise | You shall have my answer tomorrow. | |
| · intention | I shall marry Francis whatever happens. | |
| · threat | ‘You shall stay just where you are! ’ his mother cried angrily. | |
| · warning | You shan’t find it easy to accept. | |
| · offer | Shall I carry that for you? | |
| · suggestion | Shall we tell him? | |
| · instruction | Members shall enter the names of their guests in the book provided. | |
| · request for advice | Which one shall I buy? |
4.10. WILL / WOULD
| Значение | Пример | |
| Prediction | ||
| · pure future | He knows he will be late. / He knew he would be late. | |
| · present predictive | He’ ll have finished his supper by now. / Who would that be? | |
| · habitual predictive | An Englishman will usually show you the way in the street. / On Sundays he would getup early and go fishing. | |
| Volition | ||
| · willingness | I’ ll have a sherry, please. | |
| · invitation | Will you have a drink? / What would you like to drink? | |
| · intention | He wouldn’t help me yesterday. / I keep asking him for help but he won’t help me. | |
| · insistence | If you will keep your watch half an hour slow it is hardly surprising that you are late for your appointments. / We all tried to stop him smoking in bed but he would do it. | |
| Informal use expressing a characteristic action (would) | Bill objected. – He would! | |
| Assumption (will) | That will be Ann. |