MINI-TEST 5: STRUCTURE

1.____________, an organism must be able to adapt to changing factors in its environment.

(A) If survival (B) For surviving (C) To survive (D) It survives

2. The art of landscape architecture is ____________ that of architecture itself.

(A) almost as old as (B) as almost old (C) almost as old than (D) old as almost

3. The Mummers' Parade has ____________ every year in Philadelphia on New Year's Day since 1901.

(A) holding (B) been holding (C) held (D) been held

4. Rarely ___________ more than fifty miles from the coast.

(A) redwood trees grow (C) grow redwood trees

(B) redwood trees do grow (D) do redwood trees grow

5. Microorganisms live in extreme conditions of heat and cold where __________other organisms can survive.

(A) not (B) never (C) no (D) none

6. The higher one rises in the atmosphere, _______________ the temperature generally becomes.

(A) colder than (B) the colder (C) the colder as (D) is colder

7. Medical researchers are constantly looking for ways to control, _______, and cure diseases.

(A) prevention (B) preventing (C) prevent (D) to prevent

8. Nerve cells, or neurons, _______________ in the human body.

(A) the most complex cells are (C) most complex the cells are

(B) are the most complex cells (D) most are the complex cells

9. Released in 1915, ________________________.

(A) D. W Griffith made an epic film about the Civil War, Birth of a Nation

(B) the Civil War was the subject of D. W Griffith's epic film, Birth of a Nation

(C) D. W Griffith's epic film Birth of a Nation was about the Civil War

(D) the subject of D. W Griffith's epic film Birth of a Nation was the Civil War

10. ____________ on barren slopes can help prevent erosion.

(A) Planting trees (B) For trees to be planted (C) In order to plant trees (D) Trees are planted

11. Vermont is the only state in New England ____________ an Atlantic coastline.

(A) without (B) not with (C) which not having (D) doesn't have

12. In 1867 Hiram R. Revels ______________ the first black to be elected to the U.S. Senate.

(A) becoming (B) became (C) to have become (D) has become

13. Jupiter's moons can be easily seen through ___________ binoculars or a small telescope.

(A) either (B) if (C) whether (D) or

14. The Colorado beetle is a beautiful insect, ______________ it causes a great deal of damage to food crops.

(A) but (B) what (C) so (D) that

15. Judge Francis Hopkins is probably best known as a signer of the Declaration of Independence, but he also excelled as a poet, ____________, and an orator.

(A) as a musician (B) by playing music (C) a musician (D) he played music

Exercise 32.1

Directions: Fill in the lines in the blanks below with the appropriate word forms. In some cases, there may be more than one correct answer. The first one is done as an example.

Exercise 32.2

Directions: Fill in the blanks in the chart below with the appropriate form. The first one is done as an example.

Exercise 32.3

Directions: Underline the form that correctly completes the sentence.

1. In any animal community, herbivores (great/greatly) outnumber carnivores.

2. Floods cause billions of dollars worth of property damage (annual/annually).

3. (Regular/Regularly) airmail service in the United States began in 1918.

4. Writer Ernest Hemingway was known for his (simple/simply) language and his lively dialogue. S. The tiny coral snake is (beautiful/beautifully) but deadly.

6. Skyscrapers developed (simultaneous/simultaneously) in Chicago and New York City.

7. (General/Generally), bauxite is found near the surface, so it is relatively (simple/simply) to mine.

8. A good proofreader (painstaking/painstakingly) examines a manuscript for errors in spelling and grammar as well as for factual mistakes.

9. The colony of New Hampshire was (permanent/permanently) separated from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1692.

10. The most numerous and (wide/widely) distributed of all insectivorous animals are the shrews.

11. The endocrine system functions in (close/closely) relationship with the nervous system.

12. A gap in the Coast Range of California provides (easy/easily) access to the San Francisco Bay area.

13. Mushrooms are found in an (incredible/incredibly) range of sizes, colors, and shapes.

14. Some airplanes have an automatic pilot that is connected to the airplane's controls and (automatic/automatically) keeps the plane on course.

15. Winslow Homer, who had no (formal/formally) training in art, became famous for his paintings of the sea.

16. The potter's wheel was an invention of (profound/profoundly) importance.

17. The nuclear-powered cargo ship Savannah proved (commercial/commercially) impractical.

18. Sojourner Truth spoke (persuasively/persuasive) in opposition to slavery.

19. In 1948 Stan Getz made a (masterful/masterfully) solo recording of the song " Early Autumn" which (deep/deeply) influenced younger musicians.

20. The planet Venus was once believed to be two (distinct/distinctly) objects: the morning star Phosphorous and the evening star Hesperus.

Exercise 32.5

Focus: Identifying errors involving word-form problems. (Note: One or two items in this exercise do not focus on word-form errors. These are marked in the answer key with an asterisk.)

1. Liberal arts colleges cultivate general intellectuallyabilities rather than technical or

A B C

professional skills.

D

2. Goats are extremely destruction to naturalvegetation, and are often responsible for soil

A B C D

erosion.

3. Wild plants were of considerableimportant to early settlers, and many are still used

A B C

medicinally and as foods.

D

4. One important branch of linguistics is semantics, which analysis the meaning of words.

A B C D

5. Unlike folk dancers which are the product of a single culture, ballet is an international

A B C D

art form.

6. The Earth's out shell is divided into sections called plates, which are constantly in motion.

A B C D

7. Black bears can move rapidly when necessary and are skillful tree-climbers for their size

A B C

and weigh.

D

8. In an arboretum, trees are cultivated for scientific and educationalpurpose.

A B C D

9. In most Western states, the first major industry was mines, which was gradually

A B C

supplemented by ranching and farming. ­

D

10. Peach trees growgood in a variety of soil types, but do best in sandy loam.

A B C D

11. The unit of measuring called the foot was originally based on the length of the human

A B C D

foot.

12. Philosopher Theodore A. Langerman was interested n the fields of literary and music.

A B C D

13. Pure nitric acid is colorless, but it acquires a yellow color when it is exposed of air.

A B C D

14. A chemicalreact that absorbsheat is called endothermic.

A B C D

15. One characteristic of the poems of Emily Dickinson is the sharp of her images.

A B C D

16. Luther Gu1ick was a teacher and physician who spent much of his live promoting

A B C

physical fitness.

D

17. A dog shou1d be checked regu1arly by a veterinarian to ensure that it remains in good

A B C

healthy.

D

18. Southwestern Boston is made up of Hyde Park, West Roxbury, and other pleasant

A B

residentialneighbors.

C D

19. Hunting and fishing techniques were highly developed among the North American

A

Indians, particu1arly in regions where agricu1ture was less success.

B C D

20. Science requires the carefulcollect and organization of data.

A B C D

21. The Natchez Trace was an importantcommercial and military route between Nashville,

A B C

Tennessee to Natchez, Mississippi.

D

22. Some games rely mainly on skill and practice while others primarily involve lucky.

A B C D

23. In the absent of natural enemies, the gypsy moth has become a serious pest in North

A B C D

America.

24. Huey Long and his brother Earl were the two most powerfulpolitics in the history of

A B C D

Louisiana.

25. To make candles, pioneers twisted string into wicks, dipped the wicks into hot fat, then

A B

hung the candles to cool and hard.

C D

Exercise 33.1

1. The tips of high-speed dental drills are (done/made) of tungsten steel and often contain diamonds.

2. A cottage industry is a form of manufacturing (done/made) at home.

3. Margaret Mead (did/made) fundamental contributions to both the theory and field work of

anthropology.

4. Many universities receive grants to (do/make) research for the federal government.

5. Research in genetics in the early nineteenth century (did/made) much to improve agriculture.

6. Futurologists study current trends to (do/make) predictions about the future.

7. Filmmaker George Lucas has (done/made) many advances in the production of motion pictures, especially in the use of special effects.

8. The distinction between wildflowers and weeds is one that is often difficult to (do/make).

9. The helicopter can (do/make) jobs that no other aircraft can.

10. Yeast is added to dough to (do/make) bread light and porous.

Exercise 33.2

1. The government of the United States and that of Canada are (alike/like) in that both conduct a

complete census every ten years.

2. Fashion design, (as/like) all types of design, has been greatly aided by computers.

3. (Alike/Like) stars, galaxies tend to congregate in clusters.

4. Fungi are the most important decomposers of forest soil, just (as/like) bacteria are the most important decomposers of grassland soil.

5. The spinal column is (alike/like) the brain in that its main functions can be classified as either sensory or motor functions.

6. A peanut is not actually a nut but a legume (alike/like) peas and beans.

7. The stately Government House in Annapolis serves (as/like) the residence of the Governor of Maryland.

8. The cetosaur was a dinosaur that looked much (as/like) the whales of today.

9. Fats are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms just (like/as) carbohydrates are.

10. One way pumpkins and watermelons are (like/alike) is that both grow on vines trailing along the surface of the ground.

Exercise 33.3

1. The mineral talc is (so/such) soft that it can be scratched with a fingernail.

2. Oceanographers use robots and unmanned submarines to explore parts of the ocean that are (so/too) deep for people to explore safely.

3. (So/As) much paper money was printed during the Revolutionary War that it became almost worthless.

4. The walking stick is an insect with (so/such a) close resemblance to a twig that it escapes the notice of its enemies.

5. At present, solar cells are (so/too) expensive and inefficient to be used in the commercial generation of electricity.

6. Acrylic plastics are very hard and are (so/as) clear as glass.

7. Founded in 1682, Norfolk developed (so/such a) prosperous sea trade that it quickly became the largest town in the colony of Virginia.

8. Continental islands are (so/so much) close to continents that their plant and animal life are identical to life on the mainland.

9. Timberline is the elevation on a mountainside above which temperatures become (so/too) cold for most trees to grow.

10. A few people have (such/too) good eyesight that they can actually see the brightest stars during full daylight.

Exercise 33.4

1. Lightning is a rush of electrical current from a cloud to the ground or from one cloud to (another/other).

2. A ballet dancer's techniques and skills are very different from those of (another/other) dancers.

3. The commercial center of New York City, the island of Manhattan is joined to the (another/other) boroughs by bridges and tunnels.

4. The legal surrender of a criminal suspect from one state or country to (another/other) is called extradition.

5. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is one type of disease that is carried by ticks, and Colorado tick fever is (another/other).

6. The art of photography has often been influenced by-and has influenced-(another/other) [me arts.

7. William O. Douglas was a Supreme Court Justice for thirty-six years, longer than any (another/other) justice in the history of the Court.

8. In physics, diffusion is the spread of one substance's molecules or atoms through those of (another/other).

9. A basketball player may advance the ball by dribbling it or passing it to (another/other) player.

10. Limkins are water birds that eat snails and (another/other) mollusks.

Exercise 33.5

1. (Although/Despite) cats cannot see in complete darkness, their eyes are much more sensitive to light than humans' eyes.

2. (Because/Because of) cheese is essentially a concentrated form of milk, it contains the same nutrients as milk.

3. (Although/In spite of) its frightening appearance, the octopus is shy and completely harmless.

4. (Because/Because of) its acute sense of smell, the bloodhound is often used in tracking.

5. (When/During) the female oriole is absent from the nest, the male oriole stands guard.

6. (Although/Despite) their light weight, aluminum alloys can be very strong.

7. (Although/In spite of) Adlai Stevenson was never elected president; he was one of the preeminent American politicians of the mid-twentieth century.

8. Snakebirds were not given their name because they eat snakes, but (because/because of) their long, slender necks resemble snakes.

9. In the sixteenth century, it was thought that a compass needle pointed north (because/because of) some mysterious influence of the stars.

10. (Although/Despite) it can occur in adults, chicken pox is classified as a disease of childhood.

11. Opinion polls are often used (while/during) political campaigns to find out how voters feel about candidates and issues.

12. Geneticists often experiment with bacteria and viruses (because/because of) those organisms reproduce so quickly.

Exercise 33.6

1. (Many/Much) industrial products can be made from soybeans.

2. Desert plants compete fiercely for the (few/little) water that is available.

3. The American designer Louis Comfort Tiffany took (many/much) of his inspiration from nature.

4. A (fewl1ittle) simple precautions can prevent accidents at home and on the job.

5. In a formal debate, the same (number/amount) of persons speak for each team, and both teams are granted an equal (number/ amount) of time in which to make their arguments.

6. Bats do (fewl1ittle) damage to people, livestock, or crops.

7. Even small (numbers/amounts) of zinc can have a significant effect on the growth of plants.

8. The adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney, secrete (many/much) important hormones.

9. (Many/Much) of the stories in John Weems' biography of George Washington are difficult to believe.

10. Folk artists have (few/little) or no formal art training.

Exercise 33.7

1. At eight weeks of (age/old), red foxes begin to get their adult markings.

2. The Missouri River is about (double/twice) as long as the Colorado River.

3. Catherine Esther Beacher established schools in Connecticut and Ohio, and (after/afterwards) founded the American Women's Educational Association.

4. (Most/Almost) antibiotics are antibacterial agents, but some are effective against fungal, protozoal, or yeast infections.

5. In 1941 nylon was first used to make stockings, and the year (ago/before), it was first used to

make toothbrush bristles.

6. Chuck Berry was one of the (soonest/earliest) and most influential performers of rock music.

7. Long before Columbus, various thinkers believed that the Earth was (around/round).

8. Apricots, which are (some/somewhat) smaller than peaches, are known for their delicate taste.

9. Huge radio telescopes aimed into space may someday (say/tell) us whether intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe.

10. One of Canada's most beautiful botanical gardens is Butchart Gardens (near/nearly) Victoria,

British Columbia.

11. Since 1945, the average size of American farms has more than (doubled/twice).

12. When the Hopi Indians perform the Snake Dance, the dancers handle (alive/live) rattlesnakes.

13. Around eighty-five (percentage/percent) of the bauxite produced in the United States is mined in Arkansas.

14. Artist Clementine Hunter continued to paint until she was over 100 years (age/old).

15. The period immediately (after/afterwards) the Civil War is known as Reconstruction.

16. (No/Not) plant has a nervous system, and most respond very slowly to stimuli in their environment.

17. (Most/Almost) every county in the United States has agricultural extension agents who provide help to farmers.

18. Murals (say/tell) narrative stories through visual images.

19. Forests cover (near/nearly) half the land area of Tennessee.

20. Giraffes hardly (ever/never) sleep more than twenty minutes a night.

Exercise 33.8

1. When a space craft is operating beyond the atmosphere, its fins and wings not longer

A B C

serve to stabilize it.

D

2. The University of Chicago is unlikemost other U.S. universities in that it has emphasized

A B

graduate student programs so much as undergraduate programs ever since it opened.

C D

3. The mass production of paper bags cut costs so much that a bag soon became a routine part of

A B C

near every purchase.

D

4. A person must be at least thirty years age in order to serve as a U.S. senator.

A B C D

5. Noother state receives as few rainfall as the state of Nevada.

A B C D

6. Because of refraction, the water in a tank ever looks as deep as it actually is.

A B C D

7. Molds grow on bread, fruit, paper, and muchothersubstances.

A B C D

8. The lei, which is made of flowers, shells, and other materials, is presented to visitors

A B

as a symbolize of Hawaiian hospitality.

C D

9. The botanists Katherine Hunter and Emily Fose spent many difficult months making

A B C

research in the Rocky Mountains.

D

10. Early explorers in Utah named the cliffs they encountered " reefs" because they thought

A B C

these cliffs looked alike coral formations.

D

11. Today oysters are grown and harvested muchlike any another crop.

A B C D

12. Walter Hunt invented an enormous amount of devices, including the safety pin and a

A B

machine for making nails.

C D

13. Connecticut, like the other New England states, are dotted with many little lakes.

A B C D

14. The soonest parachutes were made of canvas, but later, silk and then nylon were used.

A B C D

15. When vigorous exercise, muscles require a much greateramount of oxygen than

A B C

when they are at rest.

D

16. One should never throw water on an aliveelectrical fire.

A B C D