Give the summary of the text using the key terms. Read the following words and word combinations and use them for understanding and translation of the text:

E-MAIL

Read the following words and word combinations and use them for understanding and translation of the text:

ubiquitous - повсеместный

accessible - доступный

routinely - обычно

enticing attachment - заманчивое приложение

mischief - вред

revenue - доход

annoyance - раздражение

impact – удар, толчок, импульс, воздействие

to eliminate – устранять, исключать

competing standard - конкурирующий стандарт

to establish – внедрять, устанавливать

security vulnerabilities – уязвимые точки для безопасности системы

extension – расширение, распространение

consumer-oriented – ориентированный на пот ребителя

Electronic mail is perhaps the most ubiquitous computer application in use today. E-mail can be defined as sending of a message to one or more individuals via a computer connection.

The simplest form of e-mail began in the 1960s as a way that users on a time-sharing computer system could post and read messages. The messages consisted of a text in a file that was accessible to all users. A user could simply log into the e-mail system, open the file, and look for messages. In 1971, however, the ARPANET (ancestor of the Internet) was used by researchers at Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN) to send messages from a user at one computer to a user at another. As e-mail use increased and new features were developed, the question of a standardized protocol for messages became more important. By the mid-1980s, the world of e-mail was rather fragmented, much like the situation in the early history of the telephone, where users often had to choose between two or more incompatible systems. ARPANET (or Internet) users used SmTP (Simple mail Transfer Protocol) while a competing standard (OSI mHS, or message Handling System) also had its supporters. Meanwhile, the development of consumer-oriented online services such as CompuServe and America Online threatened a further balkanization of e-mail access, though systems called gateways were developed to transport messages from one system to another. By the mid-1990s, however, the nearly universal adoption of the Internet and its TCP/IP protocol had established SmTP and the ubiquitous Sendmail mail transport program as a uniform infrastructure for e-mail. The extension of the Internet protocol to the creation of intranets has largely eliminated the use of proprietary corporate e-mail systems.

Instead, companies such as Microsoft and Google compete to offer full-featured e-mail programs that include group-oriented features such as task lists and scheduling.

The integration of e-mail with HTmL for Web-style formatting and mImE (for attaching graphics and multimedia files) has greatly increased the richness and utility of the e-mail experience. E-mail is now routinely used within organizations to distribute documents and other resources.

However, the addition of capabilities has also opened security vulnerabilities. For example, Microsoft Windows and the popular Microsoft Outlook e-mail client together provide the ability to run programs (scripts) directly from attachments (files associated with e-mail messages). This means that it is easy to create a virus program that will run when an enticing-looking attachment is opened. The virus can then find the user’s mailbox and mail copies of itself to the people found there. E-mail has thus replaced the floppy disk as the preferred medium for such mischief. Beyond security issues, e-mail is having considerable social and economic impact. E-mail has largely replaced postal mail (and even long-distance phone calls) as a way for friends and relatives to keep in touch. As more companies begin to use e-mail for providing routine bills and statements, government-run postal systems are seeing their first-class mail revenue drop considerably. Despite the risk of viruses or deception and the annoyance of electronic junk mail, e-mail has become as much a part of our way of life as the automobile and the telephone.

Notes:

OSI – Open System Interconnection - базовая эталонная мо­дель

SmTP - Simple mail Transfer Protocol простой протокол пе­редачи почты

Sendmail – один из старейших агентов передачи

HTmL - HyperText Markup Language - стандартный язык разметки документов во всемирной паутине

mImE - Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions - многоцелевые расширения интернет-почты

balkanization – разделение многонациональных государств на более мелкие субъекты

Via - (лат.) через

Time-sharing –«разделение времени» - совместное исполь­зование вычислительного ресурса

Spam – an electronic junk mail