The Engineering Profession

Engineering is one of the most ancient occupations in history. Without the skills included in the broad field of engineering, our present-day civilization never could have evolved. The first toolmakers who chipped arrows and spears from rock were the forerunners of modern mechanical engineers. The craftsmen who discovered metals in the earth and found ways to refine and use them were the ancestors of mining and metallurgical engineers. And the skilled technicians who devised irrigation systems and erected the marvelous buildings of the ancient world were the civil engineers of their time.

Engineering is often defined as making practical application of theoretical sciences such as physics and mathematics. Many of the early branches of engineering were based not on science but on empirical information that depended on observation and experience.

The great engineering works of ancient times were constructed and operated largely by means of slave labor. During the Middle Ages people began to seek devices and methods of work that were more efficient and humane. Wind, water, and animals were used to provide energy for some of these new devices. This led to the Industrial Revolution that began in the eighteenth century. First steam engines and then other kinds of machines took over more and more of the work that had previously been done by human beings or by animals. James Watt, one of the key figures in the early development of steam engines, devised the concept of horsepower to make his customers understand the amount of work his machines could perform.

Since the nineteenth century both scientific research and practical application of its results have escalated. The mechanical engineer now has the mathematical ability to calculate the mechanical advantage that results from the complex interaction of many different mechanisms.

The engineer typifies the twentieth century. He is making a vast contribution in design, engineering and promotion. In the organization and direction of large-scale enterprises we need his analytical frame of mind.

He is either designing the product itself or inventing the new products or testing the product, its components, and the material in it; or analyzing its performance and making a mathematical analysis.

He may be concerning himself with the development of a new production process, or the adaptation of a current process to a new product.

He may be utilizing his engineering know-how in determining the best processes and equipment for the mass production of high-quality products.

He may be the product engineer in charge of the design and installation of a highly automatic conveyer system for handling different kinds of parts between various assembly stations.

Nowadays the engineer has at his command new and stronger materials to work with and enormous new sources of power, so he has all possibilities to develop better materials, especially new alloys for special purposes.

EXERCISES

1. Answer the following questions:

1. Who were the forerunners of modern mechanical, mining and metallurgical, and civil engineers?

2. How is engineering often defined?

3. What kind of information were many of the early branches of engineering based on? Give some examples.

4. What made people in the Middle Ages in Europe begin to experiment with new devices and methods of work?

5. What was the historical result of experimentation with different kinds of energy?

6. What advantages have scientific research and its applications given to the mechanical engineer?

7. What kind of activities can be fulfilled by a present-day engineer?

8. Why is it possible for a modern engineer to develop better materials and new alloys?

2. a) The following words aretranslator's " false friends" or pseudointernational. Write out their meanings which correspond to the context:

Occupation, civil, observation, human, contribution, direction, assembly, command