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Cockney
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Cockney represents much-localized, non-standard English. It is the working-class accent used in London (especially in the East End).
Major changes taking place in RP (cockneyfication of RP):
1. Weak /ı / is replaced by schwa /ə / in unstressed postions: qual ə ty, happ ə ly, maj ə sty, etc.
2. /t/ acquires glottal pronunciation before consonants: foo t ball, qui t e good, par t ly, etc.
3. /l/ is vocalized (is pronounced like /ʊ / or /ɔ /): mi ɔ k, myse ɔ f, mid ʊ, etc.
4. /r/ not present in spelling appears in intervocalic position after mid or low vowels: the idea r of it, I saw r it, a comma r in, etc.
5. The coalescence and dropping of jod: /t/ + /j/ = /ʧ /, /d/ + /j/ = /ʤ / (affricalization): education, gradual, virtue, statue, etc.; /s/ + /j/ = /ʃ /, /z/ + /j/ = /ʒ / (assibilation): issue, hosier, etc.; dropping of /j/: tune /tu: n/, duke /du: k/, super, etc.
6. Smoothing (tightening / reduction) of the sequences /аı ə /, /аυ ə / (reduced to a long open vowel): you are /jɒ: /, power /pɑ: /, our /ɑ: /, fire /fɑ: /, etc.; /υ ə / → /ɔ: /: sure /ʃ ɔ: /, tour /tɔ: /, etc.
Nuclear / Terminal / Kinetic Tones
The nucleus (pl. nuclei /-iai/) is the stressed syllable in a syntagm, which is more emphasized than the others and takes a nuclear tone.
| The Low / Mid Fall sounds definite, complete, final, firm, weighty, serious, emotionally neutral, cool, reserved. | The High Fall sounds final, light, brisk, interested, personally concerned, involved, surprised; in general questions – insistent and business-like. |
| The Low Rise sounds non-final, friendly, polite, interested, encouraging, in special questions sometimes surprised and puzzled. | The High / Medium Rise sounds light, airy, casual, echoing, repeating, calling for repetition; with ascending scales – disapproving, disbelieving and threatening. |
| The Fall-Rise sounds: in statements – emotional, contradicting, not sure, reproachful, apologetic; in questions – insistent, pleading; in imperatives – warning. | The Rise-Fall sounds impressed, awed, self-satisfied, challenging. |
| The Level Tones sound non-final, show the expectation of continuation. |
Scales
| Intonation Pattern | Meaning |
| The sliding scale with the high fall | sounds serious, concerned, weighty, edifying, instructive and scolding |
| The sliding scale with the low fall | sounds weighty but formal expresses concern and personal involvement |
| The sliding scale with the fall-rise | sounds weighty, implicatory; concerned, reproachful, hurt, grudgingly admitting, persuasively reassuring, regretful; Questions sound pleading. Statements sound persuasively reassuring, plaintive, pleading, apologetic, regretful, appreciative. Special and generalquestions sound plaintive, pleading, despairing, long-suffering, warm. Imperatives sound plaintively or reproachfully pleading, persuading. Exclamations sound intensely encouraging, appreciative, protesting. |
| The scandent scale with the high fall | sounds surprised |
| The scandent scale with the rise-fall | sounds encouraging |
| The scandent scale with the low fall | sounds self-satisfied, playful, joyful and delighted; irritable |
| The scandent scale with the low rise | sounds encouraging further conversation, non-final, non-categoric; in statements – soothing, reassuring, sometimes surprised, disbelieving; in general questions – genuinely interested; in special questions – friendly, sympathetically interested, sometimes puzzled, wondering; in imperatives (requests) – soothing, reassuring, encouraging; in exclamations – friendly, airy, casual |
| The low level scale with the low fall | sounds cool, calm, detached, reserved, sometimes unsympathetic and disapproving |
| The high level scale with the high fall | sounds final, categoric, light, airy, brisk and interested; conveys personal concern and involvement. In special questions it sometimes sounds very insistent and business-like. |
| The high level scale with the fall-rise | Statements sound appealing to the listener to continue with the topic of conversation; expressing gladness, regret, surprise. Special and generalquestions sound very emotive. Imperatives sound reassuring, pleading. Exclamations sound sympathetic, encouraging. |
| The descending stepping scale with the rise-fall | sounds censorious, antagonistic, disclaiming responsibility. |
| The descending stepping scale with the low rise | sounds in statements self-confident, disbelieving, reproachful; in special questions it is cold, business-like, challenging; in general questions it is disapproving, insistent, interested, concerned; in imperatives it sounds calmly patronizing. |
| The descending stepping scale with the fall-rise | Statements with this pattern sound grudgingly admitting, contradicting, dissenting, reproachful, apologetic; questions sound insistent, pleading, plaintive; imperatives are urgently warning. |
| The descending stepping scale with the low fall | sounds definite, complete, final, firm; categorical, weighty, serious; sometimes unsympathetic, defying and scolding. |
| The descending stepping scale with the high fall | sounds final, categoric, light, airy, brisk, interested, conveys personal concern or involvement. Very often it has some edifying, scolding and instructive effect; it can also have persuasive appeal. |
| The ascending scale with the high fall | sounds protesting, querulous, irritated, disapproving. In special questions, imperatives and exclamations, this intonation pattern can sound with notes of unpleasant, critical or affronted surprise. |