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Fact Sheet: Underground Storage Caverns






Fact Sheet: Aboveground Storage Tanks

 

An example of a pipeline system

 

Aboveground storage tanks are an integral part of pipeline systems. In order to meet the demand for petroleum products and natural gas, both unrefined, unprocessed petroleum and natural gas, and refined products must be stored. This requires that storage capability be available near the production facilities (wellheads), at refining and processing plants, at loading facilities, and near distribution points.

 

Aboveground storage tanks are constructed of steel plates and can hold large volumes of commodities. LNG storage tanks are normally spherical in shape to allow even distribution of pressure within the tank. Where large volumes of commodities must be stored, storage tanks are arrayed in what are referred to as tank farms. A typical example of a tank farm is shown at right.

 

 

Date of Revision: 12012011

 

 

https://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/FactSheets/FSUndergroundStorage.htm? nocache=893

Fact Sheet: Underground Storage Caverns

Quick Facts:

Underground storage caverns are used to store very large quantities of unrefined petroleum and natural gas.

These underground caverns are typically either depleted gas reservoirs or cavities that have been “mined” out of naturally occurring salt domes.

Approximately 75% of natural gas storage in underground caverns is in depleted gas reservoirs.

There are approximately 27 salt dome storage caverns in operation in the United States - most are located in the Gulf Coast States.

Overview

 

Most underground storage of natural gas occurs in depleted natural gas reservoirs. Underground storage fields have also been created by leaching underground caverns in salt domes. The most notable example of this storage method is the National Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which stores the nation’s reserve of crude oil for use in national emergencies. Salt domes are suited for this purpose because they are dry and geologically stable, allowing crude oil and other petroleum substances to be safety isolated and stored in large quantities.

 

To create an underground cavern in a salt dome, a hole is drilled from the surface down to the salt dome, and water is injected to dissolve the salt and create the storage space. The salt solution is pumped out until the required cavern volume is achieved. The cavern is then filled with crude oil or other petroleum-based substance, such as ethylene or propylene.

 

Stored product is extracted from salt caverns by pumping brine into the cavern. Because the brine is denser than the stored product, it forces the stored product out of the cavern. Also, because of density differences, the brine does not mix with the stored product. When brine is removed from the cavern, it is stored in specially-constructed brine storage ponds and can be used over and over again, minimizing environmental impact.

 

A simplified schematic of a typical salt dome cavern is shown on the right.

 

Regulation of Underground Storage Caverns

 

Underground storage caverns are not regulated under 49 CFR Parts 192 and 195, but the components that transfer commodities into and out of the caverns are regulated.

 

Underground Storage Caverns: Where can I find more?

Community Assistance and Technical Services

Storage of Natural Gas

Code of Federal Regulations 49 CFR Part 192 – Transportation of Natural Gas

Code of Federal Regulations 49 CFR Part 195 – Transportation of Hazardous Liquids by Pipeline

 

Date of Revision: 12012011


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