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Use of the essential vocabulary
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Task 2. Memorize the essential vocabulary and translate the sentences containing it:
| (1) abundance (велика кількість, поширеність) – a large quantity of something. One quality the team possessed in abundance was fighting spirit. |
| (2) ambiguous (двозначний, невизначений) – unclear, confusing or not certain, especially because it can be understood in more than one way. The language in the Minister’s statement is highly ambiguous. |
| (3) argue (стверджувати) – to state, giving clear reasons, that something is true, should be done etc. The president argued that a date should be set for the withdrawal of troops. |
| (4) assert (твердити, заявляти) – to state firmly that something is true. He asserted that nuclear power was a safe and non-polluting energy source. |
| (5) at the turn of the century (на зламі століть) – at the beginning of the new century. These changes happened during the short period from the turn of the century until World War One. |
| (6) capacitor (конденсатор) – a piece of equipment that collects and stores electricity. Capacitors are critical components in electronic devices like cell phones and laptop computers. |
| (7) claim lives (забирати життя) – to take the life of someone. The killer tornado claimed the lives of six people at the trailer park. |
| (8) conflate (об’єднувати) – to combine two or more things to form a single new thing. Some conflate globalization with internationalization, while others – with Westernization. |
| (9) contested(спірний) – disputed or made the object of contention or competition. Despite the pervasiveness of the term today, it remains ambiguous and contested. |
| (10) craze(модне захоплення, манія) – a fashion, game, type of music etc that becomes very popular for a short time. The jogging craze began in the 1970s. |
| (11) crucial (вирішальний, критичний) – extremely important because everything else depends on it. This aid money is crucial to the government’s economic policies. |
| (12) encompass (охоплювати) – to include a wide range of ideas, subjects, etc. The study encompasses the social, political, and economic aspects of the situation. |
| (13) endeavour (намагання, зусилля) – an attempt to do something new or difficult. They made every endeavour to fight the unemployment. |
| (14) equate (прирівнювати) – to consider that two things are similar or connected. They are wrong about equating decentralization with loss of control. |
| (15) feat(подвиг) – something that is an impressive achievement, because it needs a lot of skill, strength etc. It was a feat accomplished approximately 12, 000 years ago when hunter-gatherers first reached the tip of South America. |
| (16) floating sign (термін без чіткого референта) –empty signifier or a term used to denote signifiers without referents, such as a word that does not point to any actual object or agreed upon meaning. As such a “floating sign” may mean different things to different people: they may stand for many or even any notions; they may mean whatever their interpreters want them to mean. |
| (17) foster (заохочувати) – to help a skill, feeling, idea etc develop over a period of time. The campaign helped foster the sense of community encompassing all classes. |
| (18) grapple with (боротися з, намагатися подолати) – to try hard to deal with or understand something difficult. The Government has to grapple with the problem of unemployment. |
| (19) household word (загальновідоме слово) – a word or name that everyone knows. McDonalds quickly became a household word. |
| (20) inherently (за своєю суттю, за своєю природою) – existing as an essential constituent or characteristic. Fire fighting is an inherently dangerous occupation. |
| (21) intrinsically (внутрішньо) – relating to the essential nature of a thing. Science is seen as intrinsically good. |
| (22) milestone (віха) – a very important event in the development of something. One early globalization milestone was the settling of all five continents. |
| (23) multidimensional (багатовимірний) – having or involving or marked by several dimensions or aspects. Globalization refers to a multidimensional set of social processes. |
| (24) pervasiveness (поширеність) – the quality of filling or spreading throughout. Such pervasiveness also creates challenges of effectively managing this data and ensuring it’s secure. |
| (25) profound (глибокий, ґрунтовний, проникливий) – having a strong influence or effect. His experience of war had a profound effect on his work. |
| (26) prominence(популярність) – the fact of being important and well-known. He talked about the prominence of pressure groups as political forces. |
| (27) trendy (стильний, модний) – influenced by the most fashionable styles and ideas. The term globalization became quite trendy recently. |
| (28) velocity (швидкість) – the speed of something that is moving in a particular direction. Globalization disrupts not only traditional spatial boundaries but also temporal ones, increasing the velocity of social activity. |
| (29) weigh in (втрутитися) – to enter an argument forcefully. He disliked the plan and weighed in with some heavy criticism. |
Task 3. Match each word in section A with the one of the opposite meaning in section B:
A) equate; multidimensional; abundance; trendy; feat; encompass; ambiguous; prominence; inherently; profound; assert; foster; crucial;
B) unfashionable; inaction; discourage; unnaturally; unimportant; one-dimensional; lack; differentiate; deny; insignificant; neglect; distinct; exclude.
Task 4. Fill in the gaps in the sentences using the words provided below:
ambiguous; crucial; velocity; encompass; to grapple with; intrinsically; profound; to argue; trendy; pervasiveness; conflate; endeavour; craze; equate; milestone.
1. We believe that no other group engaged in geomorphic research is as well qualified … the human factor as are geographers. 2. Young people are often curious and like to experiment with the latest …. 3. In view of this the involvement of local people in our groups is both … and extremely welcome. 4. It is not enough, however, … that these two effects simply cancel one another out and we can therefore forget about them. 5. The only job I’ve ever done was selling … clothes so I’ve got wardrobes full of them. 6. In terms of economic and social policies the impact of the riots was equally … and contradictory. 7. There are clear reasons why state power should … the means to conserve soil, forests and so on, but why do governments not do it successfully?
8. Definitions of culture are either not provided at all or … distinct conceptions such as symbolization, ethnicity and lifestyle. 9. Truth, rationality, and hence science, are seen as … good. 10. The … and uniformity of television news made it unlikely that it would influence different people in different ways. 11. We have always seen it as a … on the road to closer integration and closer unity. 12. In innovation as in any other …, there is talent, there is ingenuity, and there is knowledge. 13. The article concerns the amazingly high... at which the modern society develops. 14. His... speech left no one indifferent. 15. They discussed the possible ways to … the chances of the developing countries in this political race.
Task 5. Find the matching definitions for the terms:
| 1) globalization | a) the bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into unrestricted and equal association, as in society or an organization; |
| 2) Westernization | b) an empty signifier or a term used to denote signifiers without referents, such as a word that doesn’t point to any actual object or agreed upon meaning; |
| 3) global village | c) the totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought; |
| 4) internationalization | d) a process when countries and societies adopt social, legal, religious, technological, linguistic, political, and economic ideals and norms of countries in the Western world – Western Europe and the US; |
| 5) floating sign | e) a state or condition of worldwide relevance or impact; universality, totality; |
| 6) integration | f) a complex web of social processes that intensify and expand worldwide economic, cultural, political, and technological exchanges and connections; |
| 7) globality | g) something put under question or dispute because it may be wromg or unreasonable |
| 8) culture | h) the world where people are connected by easy travel, mass media and electronic communications, and have become a single community; |
| 9) homogeneity | i) a process of increasing involvement of enterprises in international markets; |
| 10) contested | j) the quality of being similar or comparable in kind or nature; |