Applied grammar. Task 11. Add the appropriate suffix -ous, -al, -y, -ive, -able, -ible to the words below to form adjectives

Task 11. Add the appropriate suffix -ous, -al, -y, -ive, -able, -ible to the words below to form adjectives, then translate them:

fame; comfort; politics; justify; wealth; permit; effect; enjoy; economy; danger; full; controversy; apply.

Task 12. Fill in the blanks with the necessary prepositions:

1. people should not resort... war except in self-defence; 2. the scholars trace the roots of war... political, economic, social, and psychological factors; 3. war is always international... scope; 4. finally they arrived... the answer to their question; 5. what do many people think... when they hear the term “war”?; 6.... contrast to civil war interstate war involves more victims; 7. wars can be fought... anything; 8. the country is agreeing... the document, thereby making it law; 9. they developed international laws... their own conduct. 10. international interdependencies make … an important risk factor.

Task 13. Open the brackets putting the verb into the correct form to build conditional sentences:

1. In other words, if the losers (can) foresee their defeat and both sides (can) foretell the costs, they would not pursue war. 2. However, while grievances can lead to civil wars, statistics indicate that “secessionist rebellions are considerably more likely if the country (to have) valuable natural resources, with oil being particularly potent. 3. If a state seeks preponderance through military acquisitions or offensive actions, then war (to be) acceptable under the balance-of-power system. 4. If war is defined as an intentional and widespread conflict that occurs only between states, then war (to be) always international in scope. 5. A state can resort to war only if it (to exhaust) all other alternatives for a peaceful resolution. 6. War can only be just if its moral benefits (to be) greater than its costs. 7. If the war (to end), so would have the profitable arms deals. 8. If a state (to prepare) to protect itself, if it took self-help measures – building a strong industrial base, constructing armaments, mobilizing the military – then other states would become less secure. 9. After 1911 we found that if a government had started a war, the likelihood was that it (to loose). 10. Wars (not to occur) if all parties exercised restraint. 11. If all countries had known that aggression would be punished by the international community, then the aggressors (to refrain) from engaging in aggressive activity. 12. If a state (to feel) it has nothing to lose and something to gain, it is more likely to go to war. 13. You can still feel insecure if your enemy (to have) a bigger or better rock than you do. 14. If a state (to threaten) to achieve a dominant position, the threatened state will join with others against the threat. 15. If one of the superpowers (to augment) its power through the expansion of its alliances or through the acquisition of more deadly, more effective armaments, the other would have responded in kind.

Task 14. Join two sentences to form a conditional sentence:

1. The agriculture developed about 10, 000 years ago. It slowly led to changes in warring practices. 2. Populations increased and occupied larger territories. Battles became more common and more deadly than they had in simpler tribal farming societies. 3. The Cold War ended without direct engagement in nuclear war. It prevented the destruction of both regimes. 4. The future losers did not settle the dispute rather than taking up arms. They did not avoid war. 5. Large countries are usually first to use force. They gain an advantage over the adversary. 6. They decided to launch a war now. They prevented a future conflict under less attractive circumstances. 7. This country has a lot of resources. It enables a state to protect or acquire other resources. 8. The state has good political institutions and ethnic and religious homo­geneity and tolerance. The civil war is unlikely to occur. 9. The manufacture and sale of arms is a lucrative business for many countries. It has played a role in fueling violent conflicts. 10. This war was deliberately initiated by the government. The government expected that this war would be instrumental in achieving some national purpose. 11. There were a lot of internal conflicts in the country over the last 15 years. It led to acts of genocide. 12. The refugees flee in great numbers. They can not live peacefully in their home country. 13. Human nature is violent. The history is full of wars and conflicts. 14. The second Hage Conference has been really fruitful. We now have more rules covering issues of neutrality during conflict. 15. Several international organizations help the people from the countries involved in civil wars. The refugees can find asylum abroad.

Task 15. Fill the gaps in the text with one word:

After World War II, global conflict was dominated by the Cold War, a time of rising political tensions and posturing between the two superpowers – the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies. The two would not (1) … squared off against each other if there hadn’t (2) … political, ideological, and economic differences. Both believed that their political economies, democratic capitalism for the US and state-run communism for the Soviets, were diametrically opposed, and that each country was working to further its control over the world through conquest and the expansion of spheres of influence. Although the Cold War did not culminate in a direct violent clash between the US and the Soviets, it did contribute to many conflicts around the world. As nationalist movements in the developing world rose to throw off old colonial regimes, political instability and weak states emerged, especially in Africa and Asia. If superpowers (3) … not inter­vened in their affairs in pursuit of their own interests, some of these emerging movements and states (4) … consolidate control. The US and the Soviets thought that (5) … they supported opposing sides in selected intra-state conflicts, they could obtain important military and ideological advantages. Opposing factions were supplied with advisors, arms, money, and materials. The three major wars that occurred during this period were the Korean War (1950-1953), the Vietnam War (1954-1975), and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979-1989). Another major consequence of the Cold War was an escalating arms race, a competition to produce larger weapons arsenals, greater armies, and superior mil­itary technologies. If there (6) … no arms race, the countries would not concentrate on constructing most significant weapon during this period – the nuclear bomb. After the US developed and deployed nuclear weapons at the end of World War II, the Soviets successfully exploded their own atomic bomb in 1949. By 1951, the US developed an even more powerful nuclear weapon, the hydrogen bomb. The US also developed nuclear-powered submarines, as did the Soviets four years later. If the Cold War stopped the adver­saries (7) … not have accumulated tremendous stockpiles of nuclear weapons and developed intercontinental ballistic missile systems (ICBMs) with a range that exceeded the distance between the “northeastern border of the continental United States and the northwestern border of the continental Soviet Union”. In case the build-up of nuclear arms on both sides hushed up, we (8) … not know anything about the doctrine of mutually assured destruction (MAD). According to this theory of deterrence, (9) … the countries would have directly engaged in nuclear war it would (10) … led to the destruction of both regimes. Many consider MAD to be a critical factor that prevented the two powers from going to war with each other.

Task 16. Find and correct the mistakes in the sentences (there are 5 sentences containing mistakes):

1. There would be no war if politics are able to handle conflicts using other means.

2. If a state is involved in war it is the population, not the authorities that suffer.

3. If the country hadn’t been provided by arms from abroad the violence would stop long ago.

4. If the government is more powerful, there wouldn’t be any possibility of intra-state war.

5. If a state fails to assert its sovereignty, it may be subsumed by a more powerful neighbour.

6. If there was no chemical weapon prohibition, there would be more war victims.

7. If there was more powerful army in this country, the conflict wouldn’t have turned into one-sided violence.

8. If there was less media coverage of terrorism, there won’t be so much fear about it in the society.

9. If many farming communities haven’t developed fortified settlements, the warring practices wouldn’t have changed.

10. If a country accumulates arms, it is preparing for war.