Applied grammar

Task 11. Add prefixes anti-, sub-, over-, under-, inter-; mis-; out-; post-; semi-; un-; im-, in-, il-, ir- to form new words, translate them:

European; direct; regular; take; work; clockwise; number; graduate; possible; do; standard; lock; handle; cook; behave; responsible; legal; circle; continental; final.

Task 12. Fill in the blanks with the necessary prepositions:

1) the people are different … terms of color, size, intelligence, etc; 2) they say very little … regard to this processes; 3) people should be assured … respect; 4) all people are … the same genetic stock; 5) they make claims … the state; 6) there was an increase… immigration; 7) … any rate; 8) they can be distinguished … several features; 9) calls … the creation of new laws; 10) citizens are entitled … many rights.

Task 13. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian and explain the meaning of the modal verb:

1. Furthermore, most overdeveloped countries have accepted that they must not enlarge carbon emissions, even when, as in the US, they did not sign the Kyoto Protocol. 2. Creating new names like “civic multiculturalism” to describe the realities of a country of which we might be proud, and as an ideal to which we might aspire, is surely necessary to guide collective life within and beyond the nation. 3. The rationale behind this view is that the national majority will not accept large numbers of immigrants, so that in the interests of social and racial harmony there must be restrictions. 4. The more serious charge against this movement is that it may actually contribute to racism. 5. Unless these problems can be solved in the European Union, there is little prospect that other regional bodies might develop along similar lines. 6. In all cases, applicants have to prove their commitment to the country of choice. 7. However, it is the right-wing criticism which is currently dominant: that affirmative action is unfair to white individuals who may not be chosen for jobs or university places in competition with black people. 8. In Britain, for example, Jews and Muslims are exempt from laws which would make it impossible for them to slaugh­ter animals in accordance with their traditional methods, and Sikhs may wear their turbans instead of the crash helmets required by law. 9. Multinational societies contain within them minorities which, under different circum­stances, might have retained or established their own sovereign govern­ments, but which have been incorporated into a single state, either voluntarily through federation, or as a result of conquest. 10. Possessing nationality, and therefore “full” citizenship status, still makes a difference in relation to state authorities, though for some people, even that may not be enough to ensure respect for their rights. 11. You do not have to live in this country for a certain period (e.g. 10 years) to become a citizen. 12. In some ways, this is not as controversial a proposal as it might initially seem. 13. There is, then, uncertainty over whether states could meet demands for expanding social rights (given the political will to do so), for example, at the same time as environmentalist demands to curb capitalist exploitation of environmental resources. 14. Every citizen holding the nationality of a member state shall be a citizen of the Union. 15. Therefore, in the name of individual freedom, cultural differences should be upheld and protected.

Task 14. Choose the correct variant:

1. Indeed, until quite recently undocumented migrants in the US were entitled to gain legal residence if they could/shall prove they had been in the country and of “good conduct, ” for several years. 2. Much migration is simply unrecorded, and, in general, it is likely to grow with inequalities of living standards between the global North and South, and conflicts and wars that mean people have to/should flee their homes. 3. This need not mean that immigrants give up their own sense of cultural belonging. Immigrants must/can become “like” the majority only to a degree and over time, and only to the extent that their values and practices are incompatible with mainstream values. 4. Nevertheless, it is important to recognize that “culture” itself is a term which may/has to be used to different effect in different situations. 5. “Civic multiculturalism” should/might be a good term for the balance between solidarity, cultural difference, and individual rights that is needed in con­temporary Western liberal-democracies. 6. Global citizenship must/may not seem the obvious way to develop environmental politics, with its focus on rights for human beings. 7. Whatever happens, however, it is clear that without a European-wide debate on the necessity for a constitution, what form it can/should take, and how the political procedures of the EU have to/might be made more transparent and relevant to European citizens, it will have no effect whatsoever on the EU’s “democratic deficit”. 8. How must/might the environmentalist slogan “think global, act local” work in practice for the extension of citizenship? 9. In effect, what Dobson is proposing as the basis of ecological citizenship is a development of what was agreed in the 1997 Kyoto Protocol: that countries must/may each take responsibility for reducing a quota of carbon emissions to reverse climate change. 10. Citizenship could/should be experienced as more than simply an abstract bundle of rights that are provided by the state. 11. Every citizen holding the nationality of a member state might /shall be a citizen of the Union. 12. The national majority will not accept large numbers of immigrants, so in the interests of social and racial harmony there could/must be restrictions.13. Every citizen should/might do their best to build a society of tolerance. 14. In supposing that racial harmony can/might only be achieved by absorb­ing minority groups into the wider society, it contributes to the view that each nation has its own cultural values and way of life such that it cannot tolerate sharing its territory with those of another culture. 15. Multinational societies contain within them minorities which, under different circum­stances, should/might have retained or established their own sovereign govern­ments, but which have been incorporated into a single state, either voluntarily through federation, or as a result of conquest.

Task 15. Fill in the gaps with one modal verb:

Some Western European countries, such as Britain, Belgium, and Switzerland, (1) … well be described as multinational, where “nation” means “a histori­cal community, more or less institutionally complete, occupying a given territory or homeland, sharing a distinct language and culture”. What is at issue in such countries is cultural difference: it is held that all ethnic and racial groups are equal, but it is “natural” that members of different cultures (2) … feel threatened if they (3) … share their territory with those who live according to incompatible cultural norms. The minorities (4) …, however, have somedistinctive rights, in order to avoid disadvantages suffered as a result of their difference from the dominant culture and to combat racism. Racism (5) … tolerate sharing its territory with those of another culture. In practice, “new racism” legitimates violence against members of racialized groups who do not belong to the majority nation and (6) … lead to calls for their repatriation – a genuine, if impracticable, possibility where minorities are not citizens. In multicultural countries two main different and seemingly inconsistent strategies have developed through different government policies and strategies: The first focuses on interaction and communication between different cultures. Interactions of cultures provide opportunities for the cultural differences to communicate and interact to create multiculturalism. The second centers on diversity and cultural uniqueness. Cultural isolation (7) … protect the uniqueness of the local culture of a nation or area and also contribute to global cultural diversity. A common aspect of many policies following the second approach is that specific ethnic, religious, or cultural community values (8) … not be presented as central. New World states are often described as “countries of immigration” because a large proportion of citizens were born elsewhere or are descended from people who came to the country relatively recently. “Countries of immigration” (9) … typically grant citizenship to all babies born within the ter­ritory of the state, as the US does, as well as to the children of citizens born abroad, and they also have relatively easy procedures for naturaliza­tion. Colonialism has been an important factor in labor migration since many people have come from ex-colonies to the over- developed metropolitan centers. In the British case, those who arrived before 1962 from ex­colonies (10) … have the full citizenship rights attributed to all those born on British territory. Since then, however, British citizenship has moved closer to jus sanguinis and it is now limited, a citizen (11) … have a parent or grandpar­ent born in the country. European countries, it seems, are converging around citizenship criteria to include some racialized groups, where indi­viduals (12) … show commitment to the state, whilst retaining tight control over immigration. Citizenship always involves more than simply a matter of legal rights. Assimilationism is the name that (13) … be used for the “melting pot” ideal of incorporation into the civic nation that was such a prominent ideal of immigration into the US since as early as the eighteenth century. In the “melting pot, ” immigrants (14) … give up distinctive cultural identities so that everyone con­verges on the norms of the civic nation. In fact, however, civic norms are never abstract: they are always concretized in particular cultural forms. Furthermore, dominant forms of the civic nation are those with which elite groups are most at home. In order to assimilate, people do not (15) … learn norms of civic life in the abstract; they learn how to express civil compe­tence in new concrete ways.

Task 16. Match the beginnings and the ends of the sentences: