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1. These conditions are sufficiently homogenious to be grouped together.

2. Sanscrit, the earliest of the Indo-European tongues to make its appearance in written form, definitely displays the pitch-accent 40 pattern.

3. There is a distinction to be made between these classes of words.

4. He was the first English painter to portray his native countryside so sincerely.

5. The second book, to be published shortly, will deal with the history of the national-liberation movement,

6. These writers were no pedants. They were practical men who were accustomed to use their pens for practical purposes, and who wrote to make themselves understood, not to display their cleverness or learning.

7. To begin with, dialectal varieties are as numerous in Tuscany as anywhere else in the peninsula.

8. But the exceptions are too numerous here for any rule to be stated.

9. A name, to be a complete word, must, as the logicians put it, possess both denotation and connotation.

 

10. It is significant, however, that over most of England and the Lowlands of Scotland the language which came to predominate was English.

11. This ornament is to be found later in the group of Shibe in the Altai.

12. To consider in turn each of the predecessors of Byzantine culture, which did or could affect its development, and to give a general outline of the character of the contribution of each is the aim of this chapter.

13. In 1542, nearly fifty years after Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope, the Portuguese reached Japan, the first Europeans to view its shores.

14. A few additional factors of a geographical character which may have exercised an influence on artistic developments of one sort or another may also be noted.

40 pitch-accent — музыкальное ударение,


15. More curious is the mixture of «literary» and «colloquial» styles, of «high» and «low», to use the eighteenth- century terms.

16. This work was compiled by a learned monk named Dionysios of Fourna, who appears to have lived at the end of the fourteenth century.

17. The vital problem is to examine the premises on which he based his conclusions.

18. Even at the beginning of the seventeenth century the Confucian scholars used to shave their heads like Buddhist priests.

19. It remains, however, for much of this material to be published in an easily accessible form.

20. To his sovereign or lord a man was bound to be faithful, to his parents dutiful, and to his elder brother respectful.

21. The tomb of Shakespeare is in the chancel. A flat stone marks the spot where the bard is buried. There are four lines inscribed on it, said to have been written by himself.

22. The population was divided into a number of different classes: serfs were to be found, and slavery existed.

23. To prepare civil officials, schools were established in the capital and provinces.

24. The only remaining traces of these tribes are pit dwellings and shell mounds, and they must have been in the most primitive stages of culture.

25. The people of this period are supposed to have lived in huts of skins, leaving no traces behind them.

26. In olden days the swordsmen 41 used to travel all over Japan in order to perfect themselves in this art.

27. The essential fault of this work is to be found in the very plan.

28. The captain managed to secure his sextant, but when he went back for his chronometers, the chart-room was too deep in water for him to be able to reach them.

29. A distinction which one might be tempted to make from our material is that between literary and everyday language.

30. The country was torn to pieces, as it were, politically and socially. All over Japan the feudal lords were at war with one another, The masses must have suffered very much.

41 swordsman — фехтовальщик.


31. Turning now from prose to poetry, we have to inquire, what are the characteristics of Modern English verse which the nature of the language has permitted or compelled to acquire?

32. The occasions when a Japanese samurai was bound to commit suicide were innumerable.

33. In addition to the local and unimportant peculiarities to be found in the British Isles, many different dialects must be springing up in other parts of the world.

34. My chief object in writing this chapter has been to make the reader realize that language is not exactly what a one-sided occupation with dictionaries and the usual grammars might lead us to think, but a set of habits, of actions, and that each word and each sentence spoken is a complex action on the part of the speaker.

35. Much of the material a biographer ought to consult, moreover, is widely dispersed or difficult of access.

36. As a rule, the poet is believed to be governed by language more than he governs it.

37. To assign all the words of English to their original sources is not to determine the mode of their entrance into English.

38. The dictionary shows that the number of words which may have originated in this way is very large.

39. The attempt is sometimes made to fix laws or rules for correct English in disregard 42 of the fact that the language changes, and that the standard or correct expression cannot be made to depend entirely on the use of an earlier time.

40. All the principal species of animal now raised for food seem to have been domesticated already in the Near East and Europe by societies still in the neolithic stage.

41. The polished stone celt 43 used to be regarded by archaeologists systernatists as the type fossil of the neolithic phase. And it was of course used by most but all, 44 neolithic societies, for carpentry, as in mesolithic times.

42. The student may well 45 feel a little disappointed that, after listing as a topic «a survey of the languages of the world», linguistic science turns out to be able to give so little information about so many of them.

42 in disregard — несмотря на, не принимая во внимание.

43 celt — каменное или бронзовое долото (археол.).

44 most but all — здесь: едва ли не все. 45 may well — вполне может.



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