II. Read and translate the following the following sentences from English into Russian

1. The safety related shipboard operations are divided into two categories: special operations and critical operations.

2. Special shipboard operations are those where errors may become apparent only after they have created hazardous situations or when accidents have occurred.

3. The examples of special operations are as follows: ensuring watertight integrity; navigational safety, including the correction of charts and publications; operations, affecting the reliability of equipment (such as steering gear) and associated standby machinery; maintenance operations; bunkering operations and oil transfers in the port; maintaining stability and preventing overloading and overstressing; lashing of containers, cargo and other items; ship security, terrorism and piracy.

4. Critical shipboard operations are those where an error may immediately cause an accident or a situation, which could threaten people, the environment or the ship.

5. The examples of critical operations are as follows: navigation in confined waters or high-density traffic areas; operations that may cause a sudden loss of manoeuvrability in close or high density traffic waters; navigation in conditions of reduced visibility; operations in heavy weather conditions; the handling and stowage of hazardous cargoes and noxious substances; bunkering and oil transfer at sea; cargo operations on gas, chemical and oil tankers; critical machinery operations.

6. Shipboard contingency plans include the allocation of duties and responsibilities on board; actions to be taken to regain control of situation; communication methods to be used on board; procedures for requesting assistance from third parties; procedures for notifying the company and reporting to relevant authorities; maintaining communications between the ship and shore; procedures for dealing with media and other outside parties.

7. Emergency situations may include structural failure; main engine failure; steering gear failure; electrical power failure; collisions; grounding/stranding; shifting of cargo; cargo spillages and contamination; fire; cargo jettisoning; flooding; machinery room casualty; abandoning ship; man overboard/search and rescue; entry into enclosed spaces; serious injury; terrorism and piracy; helicopter operations; heavy weather damage.

8. The SMS should require the Master to report the following to the Designated Person’s ashore: accidents; hazardous occurrences, non-conformities with the SMS; suggested modifications and improvements to the SMS.

9. The evaluation of reports may result in: corrective action being taken; distribution of experiences throughout the company; amendment to existing SMS procedures and instructions; the development of New SMS procedures.

10. Preventive maintenance procedures should be established for hull and superstructure steel work; safety, fire-fighting and anti-pollution equipment; navigational equipment; steering gear; anchoring and mooring equipment; main engine and auxiliary machinery; pipelines and valves; cargo loading/discharging equipment; inerting systems; fire, gas and heat detection systems; bilge and ballast pumping and separator systems; waste disposal and sewage systems; communications equipment.